Speed Marketing and High Medium Low - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 273 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/16 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Assignment 2: 21-Speed Gizmos: Break-even and marketing profitability. By- Rohit Pratap Singh Questions: 1. Gizmos selling price at each suggested retail price? Ans:- |Retail Price |$124. 95 |$99. 95 |$74. 95 | |Selling Price |$87. 47 |$69. 97 |$52. 47 | 2. Break-even Volume of DCS assembly at $124. 95? $99. 95? $74. 95? Ans:- |Retail Price |$124. 95 |$99. 5 |$74. 95 | |Break-even Volume: |9392 |14073 |28056 | 3. Profit margin before taxes for 1993 and 1994 at $74. 95? Ans:- Profit Befor Tax @ $74. 95 in 1993 = $403,364 Profit Befor Tax @ $74. 95 in 1994 = $568,037 4. How would you price the DCS? I would price it at $99. 95. Would you launch the DCS? Yes certainly I will. Reasons:1. Brake even in less than a year. 2. More than 100% profit in the very first year and subsequent years 3. Increased revenue in sale would consolidate its position in the market segment. 4. Profit Realization from DCS sales will provide extra income to invest in new products. 5. With Increasing revenues and Profits, Investors will become interested In Speed Gizmos thus opening new financial sources to fund new projects. I would price it at $99. 95. Reason- Consider Following Profit Calulations | |Year |High |Medium |Low | |Retail price | |$124. 95 |$99. 5 |$74. 95 | |Selling Price | |$87. 47 |$69. 97 |$52. 47 | |Total Profit Before Tax |1993 |$698,006 |$699,197 |$403,364 | |Total Profit Before Tax |1994 |$921,608 |$923,036 |$568,037 | |Total Profit Before Tax |1995 |$1,189,929 |$1,191,644 |$765,644 | |Combined Profit | |$2,809,543 |$2,813,877 |$1,737,044 | Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Speed: Marketing and High Medium Low" essay for you Create order Maximum Profit in the first year and subsequent years considering same expenses and 20% increase in sales volume. Although there would be threat of Competitor’s entry but at the same time the chances of higher rate of growth are more. Adding a radio option of $5to the DCS will Change the Final Pricing of the material and to break even at the same No. and similar Profits with the new cost The Following Pricing has to be adapted. | |High |Medium |Low | |Initial Retail Price |$124. 5 |$99. 95 |$74. 95 | |Initial Selling Price |$87. 47 |$69. 97 |$52. 47 | |Brake Even No. |9392 |14073 |28056 | |New Material Cost |29. 50 |29. 50 |29. 50 | |Final selling Price |$93. 35 |$75. 85 |$58. 35 | |Final Retail Price |$133. 35 |$108. 35 |$83. 35 |

Descriptive Essay About Sports And Football - 1054 Words

Sport comes from the Old French desport meaning leisure, with the oldest definition in English from around 1300 being anything humans find amusing or entertaining.[9] Other meanings include gambling and events staged for the purpose of gambling; hunting; and games and diversions, including ones that require exercise.[10] Roget s defines the noun sport as an activity engaged in for relaxation and amusement with synonyms including diversion and recreation.[11] Nomenclature The singular term sport is used in most English dialects to describe the overall concept (e.g. children taking part in sport), with sports used to describe multiple activities (e.g. football and rugby are the most popular sports in England). American English uses sports for both terms. Definition See also: Game  § Definitions The International Olympic Committee recognizes some board games as sports including Chess. Show Jumping, an equestrian sport The precise definition of what separates a sport from other leisure activities varies between sources. The closest to an international agreement on a definition is provided by SportAccord, which is the association for all the largest international sports federations (including association football, athletics, cycling, tennis, equestrian sports and more), and is therefore the de facto representative of international sport. SportAccord uses the following criteria, determining that a sport should:[1] have an element of competition be in noShow MoreRelatedSport and Football Essay1468 Words   |  6 PagesProf. Milne Eng 101-25 29 February 2012 Respect Athletic Sports have come a long way since basketball was played with milk crates and flat balls in the alleys of the poor and rich alike. One may ask, why should I be concerned with the senseless sweating and hours of practice of those who enjoy sports? The answer is one that will open your eyes to the fulfillment sports can bring whether recreational or competitive. Sport activities offer a variety of lifelong qualities and provide thoseRead MoreMy Writing That I Did Not Know Before910 Words   |  4 Pages Over the course of this class I have learned many things about writing that I did not know before, because I never had any great instruction before i came to college. In Grade school and high school, when I got back a graded paper there would just be words crossed out, or punctuation corrections. There would never be any explanation as to why I need to correct this, or why this is wrong. I would go over the corrections and wonder how this is wrong and why does a comma go there but why doesn t aRead MoreBases Of Evaluating Essay Writing965 Words   |  4 Pages Bases of Evaluating Essay Writing They are lots of different ways to writing college essays. Just have to follow them so our their essays look correct. These are the types of steps everyone has to have in order to get a very good grade on their paper. They also have to make sure that they put lots of descriptive details in order to add information on their essays so they could explain more details in their essays. The three steps you need are very important to haveRead MoreBases Of Evaluating Essay Writing941 Words   |  4 Pages Bases of Evaluating Essay Writing There are several steps to follow when writing college essays. A student must follow them, so essays can be written correctly. These are the steps that a student must follow in order to get a good grade on a paper. A Students must make sure to put lots of descriptive details and information in their essays. The three concepts a student needs to evaluate their college essay are called coherence, unity, and support. First of allRead MoreAfrican Americans : The Treatment Of Minority Athletes1433 Words   |  6 Pages A synopsis of racism in American Sports The treatment of minority athletes, particularly African Americans has been a grave issue in American sports for decades. More than fifty years ago, to be a colored person playing a so- called â€Å"white sport,† meant that it was an unfortunate fact that inequality, prejudices and racial discrimination came along with that territory, and it is also an unfortunate fact that some of those racial tensions are yet in full, modernized effect today. African- AmericanRead MoreDescriptive essay: Adrian Peterson1060 Words   |  5 PagesRichards English Comp1 3/20/13 Descriptive essay Adrian Peterson is known as a running back for the Minnesota Vikings. He is a role model who shows pride and courage in every down he plays even through all of his trials and tribulations he faced. This phenomenal man is an exciting player who gets people excited, ecstatic, or whatever type of joy you could possibly have when you see him run the football. He just makes you want to watch the game of football. The people who followed or knew AdrianRead MoreCompare and Contrast Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methodologies2032 Words   |  9 PagesLife is forever changing and in sport this is no different. Changing social, political, economic and technological contexts are all influenced in sports, it is only through continual research that our understanding and knowledge of sport may be maintained and enhanced (Gratton and Jones 2010). The term ‘Research’ can consist of different meanings, research enquires can be defined as; a methodical, formal and precise process employed to gain solutions to problems and to discover and interpret newRead MoreDeterminants of Violence in the Greek Football League a Case Study of Paok Fc Supporters13608 Words   |  55 PagesDedicated to PAOK FC supporters all over the world. Abstract This essay aims to unveil the opinions, thoughts and perceptions of Greek fans as far as the causes of violent incidents in the Greek football league are concerned. In the first part of this research project some theoretical considerations about determinants of violence, crime and delinquency in general and in sports are being analysed. For the purposes of this study I contacted a small-scale case studyRead MoreSports17369 Words   |  70 PagesAvenue, New York, NY 10016. IM-1826 CONTENTS Introduction Chapter 1. Introduction to Sports, Sportscasters, and Sportscasting Chapter 2. The Historical Development of Sports and Sportscasting Chapter 3. The Economics of Sports, Sportscasters, and Sportscasting Chapter 4. Audiences for Sports and Sportscasting Chapter 5. The Role of Media in Sports and Sportscasting Chapter 6. Sociocultural Perspectives on Sports and Sportscasting Chapter 7. Practicum on Sportscasting Chapter 8. The Future of Sportscasters/SportscastingRead MoreSports17363 Words   |  70 PagesAvenue, New York, NY 10016. IM-1826 CONTENTS Introduction Chapter 1. Introduction to Sports, Sportscasters, and Sportscasting Chapter 2. The Historical Development of Sports and Sportscasting Chapter 3. The Economics of Sports, Sportscasters, and Sportscasting Chapter 4. Audiences for Sports and Sportscasting Chapter 5. The Role of Media in Sports and Sportscasting Chapter 6. Sociocultural Perspectives on Sports and Sportscasting Chapter 7. Practicum on Sportscasting Chapter 8. The Future of Sportscasters/Sportscasting

Ab105 Organizational Behavior Critical Thinking Free Essays

AB105 Organizational Behavior Critical Thinking The Management of Organizational Justice By Russell Cropanzano, David E. Bowen, and Stephen W. Gilliland Summary of the key issues This paper has addressed the organizational justice from various aspects and provided recommendations to enhance the fairness in the managerial activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Ab105 Organizational Behavior Critical Thinking or any similar topic only for you Order Now Firstly, it has discussed the importance of justice in workgroup from its long-range benefits, social and ethical considerations. Secondly, the authors analyzed the three components of organizational justice, namely distributive, procedural and interactional justice in details to highlight the differences between the three in business activities. Next, the paper summarized the influences of organizational justice and these include enhanced trust and commitment, improved job performance, more helpful organizational citizenship behavior, as well as greater customer satisfaction and loyalty. Lastly, after identifying the critical significance of organizational justice in building a company’s identity, recommendations on how to enhance the fairness in managerial activities are proposed. The authors had cited examples from several past studies and discussed from five angles which are hiring, performance appraisal, reward systems, conflict management and downsizing. Other Theoretical Perspectives on Organizational Justice This paper has mentioned the equity theory which is one of the earliest theories of justice brought by Aristotle. This theory emphasizes that people should be paid in proportion to their contributions. Nevertheless, equity theory focuses more on the distributive justice. Through careful research, there are other perspectives and positions on this issue. Fairness heuristic theory Fairness heuristic theory is concerned with how people react to outcomes of their authorities, and makes some predictions concerning the relationship between perceived fairness of procedures, perceived fairness of outcomes and acceptance of outcomes. This theory highlighted that employees would make decisions about others’ trustworthiness. It also discussed whether one can avoid exploitation by using available information. Uncertainty management theory Uncertainty management theory assumed that people manage uncertainty by using fairness; for instance, receiving information on the reliability of an authority figure may reduce uncertainty about unjust treatment in the future and alleviate doubt about the outcome of a possible figure. Uncertainty theory has explained why people care about justice and how they form justice judgment. This theory has relevant implications as information on managerial decisions should be provided to gain the trust from the employees to enhance procedural justice. Group engagement theory This model explains why and how procedural justice shapes cooperation in groups, organizations and societies. It has established a link between justice and corporation via its several hypotheses, such as the importance of procedures in shaping one’s social identity within a group, and the impact of this social identity on his attitudes, values and behaviors. Group engagement theory has provided insights in organizational justice as managers should treat people fairly to win their corporation. Evidence Assessment In general, the evidence provided in this paper is reliable and well-established. The key issues of the article such as importance of organizational behavior and recommendations on fairness workplace enhancement are thoroughly – discussed. The authors had researched over a wide pool of studies across a time span of 20 years, ensuring the relevance, accuracy and sufficiency of the data. Nonetheless, there are some minor limitations. First of all, little evidence was demonstrated to support the discussion on prescriptive and subjective justice, with mere definition of the two, which in turn affects the completeness of the analysis on organizational justice management. Secondly, the authors mentioned about the external equity in affecting reward system, but no proof was offered to support the claim on the influence on the disparity of salaries from the external marketplace. Lastly, although this paper has detailed coverage on the improved employee organizational behavior by establishing organizational justice, it only focuses on the procedural justice and this coverage is insufficient in my viewpoint. Other research suggest that all the three types of organizational justice have direct relationships on enhancing citizenship behavior as â€Å"trust appears to be an important mediating variable (Konovsky and Pugh, 1994). Organizational justice enhances employee trust, which in turn stimulates the display of citizenship behavior. † Assumption Analysis Several assumptions are identified in the analysis of this paper. This paper assumes that self – interest motives favor equity and people across different age groups, genders, races and education levels will perceive justice similarly (which might not be necessarily valid). Another underlying assumption in the managerial activities is that decision makers will treat the employees with genuineness while undertaking the recommended measures, because the absence of the sincerity will make the employees feel disrespected and manipulated. The influence of different contexts plays a key role in organizational justice as it will affect one’s justice perceptions. Out of all the variables, gender and culture are the main factors. Studies have shown that male’s major concern in reward allocation was protecting their own interests while females’ interests lie on maintaining the welfare of all group members. Furthermore, in a society with emphasis on collectivism, members emphasized more on particularistic principle of need or social status distribution instead of equity, as compared to societies based on individualism. Conclusions, Implications and Consequences This article has provided a detailed understanding of organizational justice. In conclusion, injustice in an organization will create problems, leading to inefficiency and unproductivity while justice acts will provide excellent business opportunities and maintain respect and trust within organizations. Therefore, it is advisable to put in efforts in improving distributive, procedural and interactional justice simultaneously in managerial activities. Furthermore, managers could also apply different organizational justice measures according to employees’ various justice perceptions which vary with genders and cultures, in order to reap the maximum benefits from exercising organizational justice in a workplace. (Word count: 1019 words) How to cite Ab105 Organizational Behavior Critical Thinking, Essay examples

Pale Communion (2014) by Opeth free essay sample

One of the big hits of the previous year. Opeth is a name that most metal fans by now would know. Opeth is a progressive metal band dating all the way back in the 90s with albums like Orchid, Morningrise, My Arms Your Hearse and Still Life. They have been continuing their career ever since and with the last two albums theyve made, Heritage amd Pale Communion, they went back to where it all started with their biggest influences from the 70s prog era. You can most likely see where their going with this new style and to be honest, I love it. Really the way I see it is that it is basically Opeths trademark with their paying omage to some of the older prog bands like Pink Floyd, Yes, Genesis, and Alan Parson. With songs like Cusp of Eternity and Moon Above Sun Below and Goblin, you know your in for a ride. We will write a custom essay sample on Pale Communion (2014) by Opeth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If youve aslo taken any notice to my new screen here, you will notice it looks like the album cover, that shows how much that I like this band and this album in general. Is this metal? In ways it is, it doesnt sound like metal but consistering Opeth we all know it is a heavy metal album. If this were still 2014, I would put this in the top 10 albums of the year. Opeth, havent made made really any turn for worst or better, just for fantasm and amazement. I cant say this is my favorite, that would be Still Life, but it comes pretty close. My final rating is 9.5/10

Popular music and thinking errors

The contemporary society is full of things that can, possibly, affect the minds of young people adversely. Whatever these young people listen to, watch on television or in videos or even hear from others has the possibility of influencing their lives for the better or for the worse. One such phenomenon that has greatly polluted the minds of young people is music. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Popular music and thinking errors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Young people are fond of listening to controversial music that can adversely affect their minds and even lead to depression in them. Being young, I am no exception. My favourite genre of music is rock which is mostly filled with pessimistic and angry messages in its lyrics. This paper is an exploration of how the lyrics in popular music may cause thinking errors in people and, possibly, lead to depression. Rock is one kind of music in which most songs por tray the same message. The message in the lyrics of rock songs is mostly that life is not worth living with the lyrics filled with numerous pessimistic and angry lines. Take for example the rock song I Hate Everything About You that is done by Three Days Grace. The lyrics of this song show a lot of hopelessness. First the singer shows how much he hates his girlfriend and asks why he does love her. This is an indication that relationships are more or less meant for convenience and that a person can hook up with just anybody. The listener may fail to get the reason why love is mixed with hate in this song. The singer claims that he loves his girlfriend and yet he hates everything about her. Life is also portrayed negatively since it does not make sense for the singer to continue seeing his girlfriend if he hates everything about her. As stated above, the lyrics show how hopeless life is to the singer. This is a perfect example of thinking errors caused by depression. Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It can be assumed that the singer spends a lot of time thinking about how imperfect his girlfriend is and being angry about it. This is the definition of depression. The song can potentially make another person to scrutinize their relationships more leading to a depression like that of the singer. Another similar song is She Hates Me, a rock song done by Puddle Of Mudd. The singer explains how he met a girl and fell in love with her. After knowing each other, he came to realize that she hated him. It is apparent from this explanation that the singer is very negative towards relationships and life. All he can see in the relationship is that the girl hates him and he cannot help to say he is glad that he split up with her. The lyrics are very hopeless and shows a person who lacks self esteem and who is probably in depression due to the same. The negativity in the s ing can also be very infectious to a listener who likes the song. It may make the listener to develop the characteristics of the singer portrayed in the lyrics. From the discussion above, it is apparent that the lyrics in popular music can have very disastrous effects on its listeners. People listening to negative, pessimistic and angry lyrics in a genre they like may be influenced to develop these characteristics. Most of these cases may eventually result in the depression of the listener due to the thinking errors in the song. This essay on Popular music and thinking errors was written and submitted by user Stryfe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ken Folletts Master Class for Novelists

Ken Folletts Master Class for Novelists Ken Folletts Master Class for Novelists Ken Folletts Master Class for Novelists By Maeve Maddox According to Forbes Magazine, Ken Follet is one of the worlds ten most highly-paid novelists, with an annual income of $20 million. Follett wrote several not-so-great novels before Eye of the Needle made him rich and famous in 1978. Since then, every novel he publishes becomes a best seller. Many have been made into movies. You may have seen these film versions: 1981 Eye of the Needle (Donald Sutherland) 1985 The Key to Rebecca (Cliff Robertson) 1986 On the Wings of Eagles (Burt Lancaster) 1994 Lie Down With Lions (Timothy Dalton) Folletts historical novel about the building of a cathedral, The Pillars of the Earth (1989), has been translated into 30 languages and has sold 14 million copies worldwide. It didnt hurt that Oprah chose Pillars as her 60th Book Club selection in 2007. If your ambition is to write a sprawling historical novel, this is a good one to study. The sequel to Pillars, World without End (2007) spent 26 weeks on the NY Times Best Seller List. Follett has a generous spirit that makes him willing to share what hes learned about writing successful novels with other writers. You can examine Folletts changing outlines for The Man From Saint Petersburg in Albert Zuckermans Writing the Blockbuster Novel (1994). Online, you can take advantage of Folletts Master Class. Here youll find practical suggestions for: Starting out Putting pen to paper Research The outline The first draft Completing the novel Finding a Publisher Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Types of Narrative ConflictAt Your Disposal45 Idioms with "Roll"

Huffman Trucking Knowledge Worker-Sheila Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Huffman Trucking Knowledge Worker-Sheila - Essay Example Huffman trucking company was founded by Huffman, a native of Cleveland, Ohio in 1936. The company started with a single trailer. The development of the organization was associated with the direct impact of World War II and increase in demand for carrier services between factories and ports. The fleet size increased over time, and the company created a good rapport with the United States government which continues today. The company maintained its growth from internal sales and acquisition of other carrier companies. This sustained growth enables the continued private ownership of the company (Huffmantrucking.0catch.com, 2014). Presently the company has The U.S government, automotive dealers, and electronic consumer products as some of its primary customers. The company has human facilities in Bayonne, St. Louis, MO, Los Angeles, CA and Cleveland, Ohio. The workforce includes 925 drives and 425 support personnel. In addition, the company owns and operates 800 road tractors, 260 roll on/roll of units and 800 road tractors. The ability to offer goods and services, in a timely manner gives organization a great pleasure. It is in this respect that the company does preventative maintenance on all its rolling equipment after every 25000 miles in the maintenance facility in Cleveland, Ohio (Huffmantrucking.0catch.com, 2014). The information system infrastructure is made up of critical systems which include databases, enterprise resource planning implementation, networks and communication systems that support the company’s routine operations. The company outsources 100 percent of its information systems functions. The company has a small database that stores client’s information such as marital status, former learning college details and favorite eateries. This database enables the company to monitor clients and sales. Additionally, the database stores information about the company’s executives,

Quality in Business Terms Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Quality in Business Terms - Research Paper Example Quality can be conditional, perpetual or subjective with respect to different businesses and different people. The concept quality is seen differently by different people and different businesses. Quality is also judged differently by different departments within the businesses (Reeves & Bednar, 1994). Quality is judged differently by customers of the business so the business also has to look at the customer’s perspective of perceiving quality. Like we can say the quality for the producer of the products is differently perceived and is measured based on the conformance of quality or may also be judged based on the degree to which the service or product has been produced in a correct way (Lee, Strong, Kahn & Wang, 2002). The report further dwells on the analysis of the term quality within the context of five aspects and has a conclusion based on the overall analysis. Quality in Business Terms In this competitive business world the term quality in terms of business can be define d as meeting the expectations and needs of the customers and consumers of the service and products. Quality in business is the relation between the business, its product, and customer. Through continuous assessment, analysis and by meeting all needs of the customer, process, business and its employees, this relationship is maintained. Quality may include several aspects in business terms but there is no specific definition in which quality can be defined. The term business is dynamic and cannot be summarized in the single area of working (Huxtable, 1994). Quality in business can be defined in various ways. One way is to define quality in terms of the relationship which business shares with its product and customers. The other way of defining quality in terms of business can be through customer’s perception of how they value the product. The human factor and process cannot be separated, thus, when a quality is built and provided in a product it generates attachment, feelings, and emotions within creator of the product. When this product brings smiles to customer’s face, then here quality is probably achieved. The product is of low quality if the potential customer does not find it is worth buying. But this definition of quality in business is not applicable everywhere. When it comes to manufacturing or industry then the quality is perceived as the relation between a product and a customer (Gordon, 2002). The definition of quality in business terms depends on the purpose. But whatever purpose we take, the main factor would always be satisfying customers’ need and meeting their expectations. If it’s about the customer then quality is meeting their needs and exceeding their expectations. Expectations may include the performance of the product, its appearance, availability when required, delivery, reliability, price, and cost-effectiveness of the product, as well as its maintainability.

Retail Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Retail Marketing - Essay Example The emergence and popularity of the free trade policies have facilitated the international expansion of the multinational corporations as the free trade policies have multiplied the opportunities in the international market. In case retailing marketing, the international exposures have paved the way for better market expansions and hence many leading retailers like Wal-Mart, Tesco, and Sainsbury etc have entered many international markets with better opportunities. However, many academics believe that from the very early period of business, the retailers used to go for international business. At presented, the entire process of international trade have become more structured and as retailers have started to open their international divisions and units with multiple retailing stores. The multinational retailers have realized that potential opportunities underlying in the international and development market like China, Middle East, India etc. The process of international retailing bec omes a notable instance during late 1990s. With increasing global competition, many scholars perceive that for long term sustainability, retailers must opt for the internationalisation of their business as some of expert retail analytics have commented that â€Å"by the year 2005....retailer will either be global...or they will be gone† (Lamba, 2002, p.06). This paper will also attempt to present a retailer’s international viability through analysis and discussion. Therefore, as a retailer, India’s retail chain group, Shopper’s Stop has been selected as it does not have international business unit. In order to assess its international viability, an internal analysis of this retailer will be conducted using the value chain model. Next, for international exposition, retailer also needs to understand the basics of international retailing. Hence, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting the international retailing and the way to gain the competitive advantages. Moreover, for international retailing expansion, strategic framework must be in according and hence, finally, a set of plausible and relevant recommended strategies will be given followed by a conclusion. 2. Brief Overview about Company: Shopper’s Stop Shopper’s Stop is a popular Indian retail chain and it is primarily India-based retailing company. This retail chain was established on October 07, 1991 and it was founded by the K. Raheja Group of Companies, one of pioneers in hospitality and real estate business. Initially, the retail chain was brand shop and gradually, it a brand store family store for Fashion and Lifestyle. It has experienced a rapid growth in Indian competitive retailing industry and many considered it as â€Å"the highest benchmark for the Indian retail industry†, and moreover, it keeps expanding its business in the domestic market by target the non-catered regional markets (Shoppers Stop Ltd.-a, n.d.). It is an public ltd. Compa ny and listed in the Bombay Stock Exchange. The company aims to be the top retail company in India in department store category with a set of pre-defined

The Origins Of English Figurative Idioms English Language Essay

The Origins Of English Figurative Idioms English Language Essay Idiom is the combination of lexical items and has its own meaning which is different from the particular individual lexical items and this figurative expression is usually understood by the native speakers because figurative idiom expression is likely to be named as the conventional scene in the their mind that serves in the speech community. Similarity, idioms are consisted as a special set of lexical items due not only to their structure elements, but also they specify a unique set of behavior when used in very language discourse. Fernando argues that the concreted phrases and the arrangement pairs in idiomatic are recognized by the usage and with its stabilized structure and limited variation. To expand the explanation, idioms can be formed a word such as nevertheless, a phrase such as in favor of, and also a sentence such as the coast is clear. According to Boers definition of figurative idiom, whose meaning is barely inferred by its literal meaning of its constituent elements. T herefore, from the semantic point of view, the expression of a figurative idiom cannot be understood from its individual parts. Structurally an idioms usually includes a series of words, any parts of its meanings cannot be replaced. Figurative idioms, it is a matter of extraordinary rather than ordinary languages. Base on Lakoff and Johnson explanation, idioms are also known as the metaphor that serves as a device of poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish dedicates for most languages. Moreover, figurative expressions are not merely bundles of word combination; however it is a phrase that ordinarily invented to one situation that inferred to another, making an implicit comparison. Another scholar Tang explains figurative idioms unsurprisingly have been coined with the name of its meaning. Ultimately, the figurative interpretation of every idiom evokes the metaphorical expressions. As the manifestation of conceptual metaphor was introduced, Z. Kovecses conceptualizes metaphors are realized in other than linguistic ways. For example, literary works are constructed in their fully in term of conceptual metaphors such as Chaucers The Cantebury tales, Buyams The Pilgrim Progress or Frosts poem The Road not Take n are associated around the LIFE IS A JOURNEY metaphor. As result, although there is always a difference in every definition of figurative idiom, yet they all have the similar description to explain idioms have the obvious characteristics of semantic incorporated and structural stability. 2.1) Culture context Language structure is the most typical feature of cultural aspects that such relationship particularly found in the lexicon. As Wierzbicka lists out the best evidence for reality of cultures can associate the meanings of words that eventually provides ways of living, speaking, thinking, and feeling which are broadly shared in every particular society. In addition, the Polish anthropologist Malinnowsky is the first founder of the context theory thinks that discourse and context are mutually hanging closely together, the language environment is essential to understand language.(à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Meanwhile, Boers and Stengers declare the significant of cultural figurative expression has been emphasized much recent research. Gibbs study claims that idioms are established in all languages and several types of idioms are cultural elements. Wierzbicka states that most of figurative idioms are cultural artifacts, reflecting the aspects the creation of figurative idioms which are formed by cul tural elements. Inchaurralde mentions particular lexical units are linked with cultural lexical scripts, which are associated to a certain cultural background. Furthermore, Lennon points out language and culture are important to idioms because it could reflect the transformation in conceptualization of the universe and the relationship between the universe and the mankind. The Chinese Linguist Hu Zhunaglin has divided the cultural context into three types: linguistics context, situational context, and cultural context. Most importantly, the cultural context refers the involvement of social, economic, cultural, political background, and religions contexts occur in communities that would value the standard of a certain language. Dobrovolskij and Piirainen comes out with an idea to describe the different types of cultural phenomena are interrelated with conventional figurative units. This means that culturally marked lexis has focused on cross-cultural similarity and the variation across in the conceptualization of emotions. Another issue that Lakoff and Johnson discuss about whether all cultures have the same conceptual of the world. Base on Issac simplification, every figurative expression has a certain class of metaphors seems to be universal. However some cultural specifications also occur in conceptual metaphor, in other word, different culture have a different set of value systems that might result in different interaction to certain expression from others cultures. For example, in Shakespeares period, the food egg is to characterize people behavior or attitude, for instance, She is a good egg means that she is a nice person. In Chinese, there is record in the literature work egg transcript to mandarin Dan also symbolizes to a person behavior and attitude. The Mandarin word huai dan signifies as bad person. These two different cultural context has shared the same particular meaning of the phrase is directed and extended to describe people who seen to be decent person. Although English and Chinese utilize the food egg to imply the same target expression, on the other hand, the English expression good egg is to indicate a nice person, however the Chinese expression to indicate a nice person no longer utilizes egg to imply the meaning rather than change the whole word into hao ren instead of hao dan. 2.2) Idiom and culture Language has been always the carrier of culture and most important idioms that almost invariably to have their roots in a particular language. Another researcher Ronald Langacker argues that language is instrument and module of culture, speakers take part in a discourse situation, their cultural aspects are related to their acts of behavior and conversation. Moreover, Paul Friedrich calls the connection between language and culture as linguaculture. The conceptual of linguaculture is described as a domain of experience that fuses and intermingles the vocabulary, many semantic aspects of grammar, and the verbal aspects of culture; both grammar and culture have underlying structure while they are constantly being used and constructed by actual people on the ground. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) As an important part of language and culture, particular source domain of metaphorical expression may not be equally salient across cultures. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Meanwhile, few researches have been introduced on the cultural features in the present study that lead Boers and Stengers to investigate on the composition of idiom and culture. They explore weather domain that track most in English figurative idioms. The weather domain is commonly associated to English figurative idioms because talking about the weather is a very basic and frequently topic in Britain because it is notoriously variable and unpredictable. However, the weather lexical units can be implemented through meaning extension to other domains such as economy and feeling, for example, when a financial storm struck down Wall Street, traders sought shelter in the dollar and Alex feels the chill of economic downturn. As result, the sentence illustrates the weather domain to a situation and feeling to indicate the seriousness on how Englishmen see weather as well as the economic phenomena. Boers, Demecheleer, and Eyckmans suggest that there are two complementary methods to estimate the two linguistic communities differ with respect to relate salience of a source domain. One method is to investigate the comparison of both languages such as English and Dutch idioms, that English idioms has much broader selection of expressions converted from card games and gambling such as to over play ones hand, to play with stacked deck, the chips are downà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Another much more straight forward example is the domain of sports, popularity of certain sports may coin widely across cultural aspects. Baseball for instance, is much more popular in the United States than in European, for sure it is evidently that American produces more baseball figurative expression such as I had a date with Alice yesterday night, unfortunately I cant even get to first base with her; Three strike and youre out. Similarity, British English hold a source domain in cricket such as Bat on a sticky wick et, Hit someone for six. Besides, Englishmen also like to have horse racing eventually contributes to figurative expressions as well such as A dark horse, Hear it from the horse mouth. The another method is to detect cross-cultural variation done by researcher Alice Deignan results that the source domain of sailing is reflected more often in English than in French discourse. For examples, Running tight ship, Talking the wind out of someones sails, when you ship comes in, clear the decks, and many more. Boers and Demecheleer suggests that French figurative discourse is more likely flavoured by the source domain of food and cooking. Alice Deignan concludes that the cultural aspects and figurative idioms are considered indirect ones in the sense that cultures of the past and present reflect most of idioms and Boers sums up that even native speakers lack of awareness towards the origin of the idiom they use. 2.3) Origins of English Figurative Idioms According to Smith (1971), generally universal origins of idioms can be divided into four main cultural aspects. 2.3.1) From daily life Smith suggests that most idioms develop from daily life are linked with particular occupations such as many phrases that related to navy have been invented by the sailors as well as the athletes use phrases related to sports. Most of the idioms were invented and they are concise, oral dialect and vivid, and are closely associated to our life. Soon enough those idioms were used by the people in the daily life to indicate certain expressions. Such figurative expressions are useful and eventually it has been evolved from common dialogue to conventional language which those idioms are commonly use such as to share and woe, strike the iron whole it is hot, a pot of money, to take the bread out of someones mouth and many more. 2.3.2) From ancient myths, legends and fables Some English figurative idioms were influenced by the Ancient Greek and Roman civilization. From example, idioms such as Midas touch, the apple of discord, sour grape, pandoras box, trojon horse, etc are derived from Greek myths and legends which are widely used in writing. 2.3.3) From religion Religion stands an important role in contributing the source of idioms. In early western countries, traditionally, Christianity has always been the main religion, many sources of idioms are regularly used in verbal dialogue are mainly came from the bible such as judass kiss, olive branch, much cry and little wool, turn the other cheek, cast peals before swine, and writing on the wall. 2.3.4) From classical literature

Commerce and the Internet :: Internet E-Commerce Business Essays

Commerce and the Internet Introduction The company I work with wants to 'get on the web.' Few of the staff are experienced computer users, but they know how to make the machines spit out invoices, purchase orders, reports, letters and pretty packaging designs. They know that 'everyone' is on the web nowadays, they want to 'do it,' but they're tardy in undertaking the project, and the subject has ignited a series of internal power struggles among the staff. This paper is a broad exploration of communication issues related to a small business's desire to utilize the internet . As a speech communications major, I am interested in studying all facets of communication. What I have learned in four short weeks is that the subject of commerce on the internet is complex and widely misunderstood -- even feared -- by many members of our community. Thomas Sebeok, in his paper Communication states that "because the concept of communication is so central to our contemporary civilization, and because of the intensive social shaping of technology by governments and commercial interests, our age has increasingly come to be characterized as 'the information society'. (11). I posit that this intensive social shaping of technology, and the multiplicity of information communicated therein, is straining our human ability to accurately decode messages due to entropy (the measure of disorder in the system) created by a 'blind' rush for profits. Yet, i f "the power of money does not lie in the coin, nor that of justice in the buildings that house our courts or the people that operate the system," (Plotkin) where do they lie? This presentation will tell my story, humbly state an opinion, and possibly raise further questions for readers. Fear and Loathing in Canoga Park My employer's company has experienced meteoric growth over the past year. In the scramble to keep up with the demands of a burgeoning business, I was employed as an administrative assistant and given the task of researching for, designing and purchasing a sophisticated infranet and automated voice mail system for the workers to use. The telephones and computers had to be compatible, to accommodate a planned telemarketing department. The system was designed with 'security' in mind -- a simple DOS based accounting package was provided via diskless workstations to the sales staff, while the administrative staff received WIN 95 'executive' workstations, but could drop into the DOS loop when necessary.