Society and Culture in Provincial America

The article titled, Crime and social control in commonplace Massachusetts, by David Flaherty is essentially an audit of crime in current America. The examination is significantly engaged in the territory of Massachusetts which in genuine sense speaks to a major piece of what is for the most part alluded to as commonplace America.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Society and Culture in Provincial America explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article attempts to draw out the significance of social control in tending to the issue of guiltiness in the United States. Among the significant issues featured remember the support of homogeneity for the populace, the foundation of a legitimate framework for the arraignment of crooks just as the contribution of certain intrigue gatherings, (for example, church pioneers) in lauding proper conduct and censuring undesired character. This article is extremely applicable to the course as it plainly gives a deli neation of how various parts of society impact each other’s advancement over specific timeframes. Beside this, American history centers around different parts of cultural improvement including the advancement of criminal law and its application related to different procedures to lessen indecencies in the public arena. The author’s fundamental line of contention is that society makes crooks. This is drawn from his suggestion that so as to address the issue of uncontrolled wrongdoing, it is significant for people to initially take a gander at the jobs they play in guaranteeing that the general public around them is sheltered (Tolles 1957, 102). This incorporates urging the person to actually practice perfect ethical quality before attempting to build up methods of making the network work as a solid firm entirety. As indicated by the creator, wrongdoing continues growing new aspects as the years cruise by. Common and national violations are fundamentally on an upward patt ern this is the primary motivation behind why the pertinent wrongdoing avoidance specialists need to draw on the assets and abilities of various individuals from their groups so as to capture the circumstance. The creator clarifies that wrongdoing can't just be handled utilizing policing strategies as it were. He states that there are a few kinds of crimes, for example, those connected to medicate misuse, which are forestalled by handling the hidden test. These, the creator says are managed by adjusting nature in which they occur or some of the time by changing the social conditions that are implied to have essential linkages undoubtedly. Flaherty additionally attests that so as to lessen wrongdoing, a cognizant exertion must be made so as to offer help to those people who succumb to the demonstrations of hoodlums. This, as indicated by him offers the necessary help to police examinations just as to guarantee that casualties are not focused on again.Advertising Looking for article o n sociologies? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Using realities from the Massachusetts common criminal records over a given timeframe, the creator sets up that the craft of wrongdoing avoidance is a scientific procedure that begins by building up the reasons for criminal acts, the harm they cause to the people in question and the measure of assets and aptitudes that will be utilized to appropriately moderate the circumstance. In such manner, Flaherty recommends that the anticipation of crimes is in all probability going to be successful if the methodologies are situated in the districts nearest the event, for example the intercessions are progressively successful whenever completed at a common level than at a national level. The methodology taken is considerably progressively successful if various critical thinking methodologies are coordinated towards the arrangement of one crime (Frank 2008, 238). Common governments, in this way, have an extremely basic obligation to the extent the control and counteraction of wrongdoing is concerned (McDougall 2005, 46). The article has served to illuminate me in various manners, both as a researcher and as a person. First is the way that I have had the option to set up the connection between's individual lead and its impact in the security and character of society. In such manner, the article has given me that adjustment in the public arena begins with the individual and that it is just until each individual from a given network chooses to have a positive existence that change occurs. Also, I have had the option to see how the commonplace culture decides the viewpoint of the whole society and that the contribution of different key social groupings can affect on a locales history. Relating to this, I have had the option to interface the fundamental social unit for example the family to the advancement of individual character which thusly affects legitimate cultural wor king. In his article, David Flaherty has brought up various significant issues. Top on the rundown is whether the devastation of the family structure is answerable for the flooding crime percentages. His conversation seems to help the belief system that soundness of the family set up is significant in the raising of a mindful populace. Another inquiry raised by the creator and which has additionally been settled is the associations are between different social indecencies, for example, liquor addiction and wrongdoing. The writer proposes that it is basic for offices taking care of wrongdoing to address the hidden issues while looking for answers for criminal activities.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Society and Culture in Provincial America explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Flaherty, David.1981. â€Å"Crime and Social Control in Provincial Massachusetts†. The Historical Journal, 24, pp 339-360 Frank, Andrew. 2008. Am erican Revolution: individuals and points of view. California: ABC-CLIO McDougall, Walter. 2005. Opportunity Just Around the Corner: A New American History: 1585-1828. New York: HarperCollins Tolles, Frederick. 1957. James Logan and the way of life of commonplace America. New York: Little Brown This article on Society and Culture in Provincial America was composed and put together by client Jul1ana to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

The process of scholarly writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The procedure of academic composition - Essay Example The procedure of insightful composition As an element of this specific investigation, the creator will consider and audit an academic distribution entitled â€Å"driving a green economy through open account and financial approach reform†. This specific article, distributed by the University of Oxford and composed by Benjamin Jones, contends that prompt and sweeping worldwide changes must be locked in through a methodology and structure of approach, administrative, and money related changes as a methods for making a greener and increasingly maintainable planet. Though there are constantly a large number of qualities that this individual paper speaks to, there are additionally a significant level of downsides or potentially shortcomings that ought to likewise be broke down. In such a manner, this logical examination will connect with the peruser with an assortment of each of these in the expectations that such an expository investigation will be helpful and wanting to sort, group, and portray which components of the examination are especially solid and ought to be occupied with an all the more full and complete way just as which components of the exploration are normally imperfect and might require a degree of further e xamination request to think about them for consideration in such a degree of argumentation. Right off the bat, it is important to take note of that the degree of research and examination that went into the distribution of this specific piece was significant. Occupants in every case simple to highlight weaknesses of specific creator may have as for the manner by which topic is introduced, it must be perceived and valued that the degree of research and the extent of examination which was incorporated inside this specific investigation was significant. ... In spite of the fact that it is the assessment of this specific examiner that a considerable lot of the focuses that are contended inside the investigation are at last defective, it can't be expressed that they are not attractive and insightful. At last, the presentation itself posted of a ground-breaking review with respects the subjects that will be examined; as opposed to simply referencing them quickly and digging straightforwardly into a structure and philosophy that would be utilized (Jones 339). Another prominent quality is concerning the whole segment managing appropriation change inside the present framework. Because of the way that the present degree of sponsorship depiction is at last degenerate and imperfect, an adjustment in the structure would make an elevated level of existing subsidizing through which green industry and practice could be advanced. With the entirety of this being stated, an explanatory examination all by itself would not be finished except if it dissec t a portion of the particular disappointments and shortcomings that the piece being referred to incites. Thusly, one of the first of these is concerning the component of â€Å"green taxation† that was introduced inside the exploration. Despite the fact that the reason for this was comprehended, the peruser is left with an unmistakable worry as for the manner by which deadweight misfortune to the economy and the troubles of overseeing such tax assessment would be locked in. The peruser doesn't must have a foundation in financial aspects to comprehend that the burden of assessment as well as an obligation or sponsorship essentially makes a degree of deadweight misfortune to the whole economy. Be that as it may, despite the fact that the creator advocates green tax collection as a methods for connecting further component of ecological protectionism and manageability all through the world, no

A Chain Integrity Issue - Free Essay Example

In the age of technological advancements and global trade liberalization even the most sophisticated supply chains face various issues associated with integrity of goods, trust, tracking, and information security (Wang). Despite many improvements and revolutionary breakthroughs that made supply chain more efficient and resilient, the real-time information was not always readily available due to the lag between participants (Wang). It wasnt until the introduction of blockchain technology that companies finally found a way to increase the speed of data transfer, make it more accurate and secure. While blockchain significantly improves and simplifies supply chain management, the technology itself is quite complex and sophisticated. Blockchain consists of many information blocks and is a distributed public ledger containing all the transactions ever executed (Wang). Every new block is added in a chronological order and is linked to the previous one with a unique hash value computed by a mathematical relationship called the trapdoor function (Wang). The data stored in Internet nodes is permanent and visible to all the users of the network. Nodes, in contrast, are anonymous and only linked to a couple of other nodes (Wang). Each node automatically downloads an entire version of the blockchain after joining the network, therefore, the copies of the existing authentic ledger are distributed among all participants in a supply chain (Wang). Since each operation is signed digitally to guarantee its authenticity, the ledger itself and its existing transactions are highly reliable (Wang). Moreover, any new data must be verified by the digital signature algorithm to ensure its integrity and matched against the set of transactions before it could be permanently added to the chain (Wang). There is a strong belief that blockchain technology could revolutionize the management of the supply chain. Numerous specialists claim that blockchain could become a leading global supply-chain operating system due to its advantages and extensive range of applications: shorter transaction process with greater security, integrity, and validity, greater transparency, innovation, and real-time transaction processing (Wang). In particular, the blockchain provides a unique opportunity for companies to record where the product originated as well as track its movement throughout the supply chain up until the final delivery to the customer. Scalability is another advantage of the blockchain technology. It enables storage of the information on the Internet nodes rather than on a central server (Wang). This forms a large database that can be accessed by any number of people at any time (Wang). For instance, it could be applicable in health care where digital patient records could be accessed by authorized people including doctors and insurance company agents. Furthermore, blockchain technology provides a potential to decrease the number of cyber-attacks (Wang). Since permanent ledger not only tracks every transaction but also requires significant effort and high cost to alter the transaction history, many cyber criminals would be more reluctant to attack the network (Wang). Finally, the real-time transactions that are possible with blockchain technology can increase efficiency and eliminate inconsistencies within the supply chain. The information remains consistent throughout the supply-chain network as all network participants receive access to the original source (Wang). Like any other emerging technology, adoption of blockchain does not come without its challenges. For instance, many businesses currently do not have sufficient capability in terms of computer power and network speed to accommodate transaction validation speed of 450 thousand trillion solutions per second (Deloitte). The combined electric consumption of blockchain computers is estimated to be sufficient to provide power to 135,000 American families (Ferenzy). Furthermore, while strong encryption and more secure types of this technology exist (private or permissioned blockchains), hacking remains a great threat due to open sharing of data between the users of the system (Deloitte). If the network security becomes compromised at even one node, the entire network and data stored can be jeopardized. Moreover, although blockchain technology helps cut transaction costs drastically its initial setup requires significant capital which is a major challenge for many small and medium-sized businesses. In addition, the transition to this new technology would require replacement or redesign of the existing operating systems that would add to the cost. Scalability of the blockchain technology also comes into question. While initial testing confirms its scalability different applications will encounter different issues as the number of transactions and data volume increase (Deloitte). Cost associated with data storage is a major obstacle to its scalability as the individual blocks are increasing in size. Lastly, its wide adoption is obstructed by many federal regulations governing financial institutions and other industries (Iskowitz). Regulations do not keep up with the latest innovations and technological breakthroughs which significantly impedes widespread adoption of the blockchain technology (Iskowitz). Despite possible disadvantages blockchain technology could revolutionize supply chain management by making transactions more transparent, preserving product value and integrity throughout production and delivery service, allowing real-time data transmission between participants in the supply chain, and eliminating information asymmetry (Wang). Furthermore, there are many potential applications of this technology across multiple industries such as banking, entertainment, energy, and automotive. For instance, consumers would be able to authenticate purchases electronically instead of having to physically visit a dealership (Casey). The middle man and the salesperson could be eliminated, giving the financial institution direct contact with the consumer (Casey). A transaction could be approved in minutes with reduced costs and efficient results. Blockchain technology has a potential to not only improve supply chain management but also unlock limitless possibilities for entrepreneurs to innovate new uses and applications. However, before it can be used on a global scale, some of the improvements should be made to overcome its weaknesses. Specifically, due to high threat of hacking, cyber security concerns would have to be addressed before any personal or financial information of the public could be widely processed by the blockchain. In addition, new standards must be introduced regarding proper access of the network as well as authentication and authorization protocols. Besides relaxing the existing laws, new regulations must be developed to establish some guidelines for financial reporting and auditing of the distributed ledger transactions as well as information-sharing to protect companies and the privacy of their customers. Various laws must be introduced to mitigate risks associated with widespread adoption of blockchain technology such as money laundering, terrorist funding, and fraud. Cost of building blockchain infrastructure should be slightly reduced so that various companies can invest in this technology as potential cost savings are significant and can be passed down to the consumers. For instance, as energy management has been historically a highly centralized industry, blockchain could possibly offer a low-cost, reliable way for transactions to be validated and recorded across a network without a central authority. Energy could be traded between nodes of the blockchain at a minimal cost. Finally, blockchain technology implementation needs to move beyond supply chain. One possible new application is to increase transparency of the electoral voting system. The use of blockchain technology could serve as a medium for casting, tracking, and counting votes to reduce the question of voter-fraud or lost records.

An Analysis of Masculinity in Anne Brontë’s The Tenant of...

In Anne Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, Arthur Huntington, Helen’s husband and Arthur’s father, is presented as an alcoholic, disgraceful, narcissistic â€Å"gentleman† (Brontà « 311). Despite Helen’s efforts to shelter their son, Arthur, from the corrupted masculinity embodied by Huntington and his friends, Huntington encourages Arthur’s â€Å"manly accomplishments† that mirror his own character, such as excessive drinking, swearing, and selfishness (297). For fear of Arthur becoming â€Å"a curse to others and himself†, like his father, Helen has acquitted herself to prepare for an escape; however, Huntington seizes her journal which reveal her plans (203). In this passage Mr. Huntington is not only devaluing aspect of his corrupted masculinity,†¦show more content†¦Although Helen’s concerns with Huntington’s alcoholism have always been towards his disgraceful actions, Huntington is acknowledgi ng the negative effects that alcohol can have for the first time in the novel. Although Huntington presents intoxication as trivial to him, he does not find the actions and behaviors he does under it as accountable for humiliation of his character. Instead, Huntington reveals, in this passage, that his level of disgrace depends on external sources; the actions of Helen and his son have the ability to disgrace him, where as his own do not. Helen describes the time of Huntington’s illness and his later drunken actions at Grassdale as self-disgracing actions. Huntington, according to Helen towards his alcoholism, has â€Å"shamefully wronged [himself], body and soul† (217), but Huntington argues that he has â€Å"lived† (218). Helen continues to argue that Huntington’s disgraced character is due to â€Å"his injustice, his selfishness and hopeless depravity† (226). Despite Helen’s attempts to illuminate Huntington to the â€Å"crime of over indulgence†, Huntington refuses to perceive it as shameful (191). Yet, when Helen purposes a separation after her discovery of the affair Huntington is having with Lady Lowborough, he refuses for fear of being disgraced. His image in society and â€Å"the old gossips in the neighbourhood† are, to Huntington, able to humiliate him (273).

Nursing Leadership Analysis - 961 Words

Nursing Leadership Analysis Leadership at times can be a complex topic to delve into and may appear to be a simple and graspable concept for a certain few. Leadership skills are not simply acquired through position, seniority, pay scale, or the amount of titles an individual holds but is a characteristic acquired or is an innate trait for the fortunate few who possess it. Leadership can be misconstrued with management; a manager â€Å"manages† the daily operations of a company’s work while a leader envisions, influences, and empowers the individuals around them. Assessment tools can be a good start for individuals to assess their leadership characteristics and skills, such as Grossman and Valiga’s Leadership Characteristcs and Skills†¦show more content†¦Many would assume that this makes me an invaluable and good leader, but I would like to disagree. I have been a nurse for seven years, still an inexperienced nurse in my eyes and still absorbing information day to day. The nurses have relayed that I have made many positive changes to the culture, work environment, and standards of the department in my short years, i.e., working shift for a fellow nurse who needs time off for the deployment of her son, fighting for wage increases when warranted, encouraging increased education and certifications through brain injury alliances and rehabilitative nursing alliance. One thing is for certain, I listen and encourage the nurses’ inputs and opinions when it comes to changes regarding the department. I empower the nurses to have their voices heard and their actions be seen throughout the company and give credit where credit is due. I also encourage them to be better nurses and utilize their skills to the max, i.e. applying their rehabilitative nursing certification through trainings throughout the company. With some insight on my leadership skills, I believe my nursing leadership style is one of a servant leader. 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Economics performance of Australia

Question : Discuss about the Economics Performance of India ? Answer : Introduction This study has highlighted the overall economic performance of Australia. In this purpose, this study has provided the overall production output performance of the country. Therefore, it is helpful to understand the growth rate of the country. In addition, it can be mentioned that the purchasing power parity of Australia can be identified. This would reflect the standard of living of the country. Moreover, this study is helpful to identify the financial performance and the economic position of the country. The role of the Australian government has also described in this study, which is important to understand how the federal government of the country controlled the economy of the country. On the other hand, the labour market of Australia has described in this study. In this connection, the trend of unemployment rate of the country would be understood. Furthermore, it can be mentioned that the trend of the price level of Australia would be mentioned in this study. This would be benefi tted to identify the rate of inflation of Australia. Production output performance analysis According to Mankiw (2014), it can be stated that the gross domestic product is a macroeconomic tool, which can measure the overall output of an economy with the change in the price level. Gross domestic product of the country would reflect the rate of inflation or the rate of deflation of that economy. In this respect, it can be mentioned that the rate of gross domestic product of an economy would be raised by the reflection of rate of inflation. Nevertheless, it can be argued that the real growth of an economy could not be controlled by the rate of inflation of a country. In this reason, it can be mentioned that in order to get the real growth rate percentage of an economy, the inflation rate is required to subtract from the gross domestic product of the country. Evans Honkapohja (2012) opined that this is the real gross domestic product of the country. It can be mentioned that the economy of Australia is known as the largest mixed economy. In the year of 2012, Australia was at 12 th position in terms of nominal GDP rate and was at 17th position in terms of purchasing power parity. On the other hand, Burda Wyplosz (2012) added that Australia is the 19th largest importer as well as 19th largest exporter. Figure 1: GDP growth rate of Australia (Source: Data.worldbank.org. 2016) As per the statement of Gandolfo (2013), the service sector of Australia dominates the economy of the country and includes approximately 68% of GDP. Therefore, the greater earning of the country can be achieved from the service sector of Australia. From the above figure, it can be noticed that the growth rate of Australia has unexpectedly decreased by 0.5 percent in the third quarter of the year of 2016. On the other hand, it can be stated that the GDP growth rate was 0.6 percent in the June quarter. In addition, it can be observed that the first contraction of Australia was experienced from March, 2011 and it was started from December, 2008. In the words of Brunnermeier, Eisenbach Sannikov (2012), the economy was experiencing 1.8 percent growth rate through the year. The growth was weakest from the year of 2009. Moreover, the gross capital formation was also decreased by 2.7 percent and the private investment was also decreased by 0.8 percent. Gross per capita rate of Australia: Figure 2: Australia GDP per capita (Source: Data.worldbank.org. 2016) The above figure depicted that the GDP per capita of Australia has been increasing with the rise in time. Therefore, it can be mentioned that the standard of living of the country has been increasing. In the point of Wray (2015), it can be stated that in the year of 2015, the gross domestic product per capita was 54717.71 US dollars. In this connection, it can be mentioned that the gross domestic product per capita in Australia is approximately 433 percent in average. Moreover, GDP per capita of Australia is 35504.35 USD from the year of 1960 to 2015 and this rate was highest in 2015. The rate was 54717.71 USD. On the other hand, Coeurdacier Rey (2013) opined that the Australian government stimulus package can effectively prevent the situation like recession by implementing stimulus package. The world bank of the country has predicted that the GDP growth rate of Australia would be 3.2% in 2011 and 3.8% in 2012. The growth rate of Australia was reported by approximately 4.3%. Moreover, it can be mentioned that the international monetary fund of Australia has forecasted that this country would be the best performer economy within the world in the coming two years. In this connection, Goodwin et al. (2013) opined that the Australian government has predicted that the forecasted growth rate of the economy was 3.0% in 2012 whereas the growth rate in 2013 was 3.5%. On the contrary, Gurkaynak Wright (2012) argued that although the national economy of Australia has been growing, some of the non mining states of the country have experienced recession. Governmental measurements of Australia: According to Hein (2012), in order to measure the economic performance of a country, the government of the economy has performed an important role. Taxation of Australia is controlled by the federal government level. The federal government increases the revenue through the business taxes and also from the personal income taxes. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that the federal government of Australia is the major income source of the Australian state government. Therefore, Argy (2013) mentioned that the state government of Australia is depending upon the federal taxation revenue in order to achieve the decentralised expenditure responsibilities. This situation can be discussed as the vertical fiscal imbalance. As a result, it can be mentioned that the centralisation of revenue collection is important to force the state policies and regulations in order to enhance the scope of the constitutional powers. Balance of trade of Australia: Figure 3: Australian balance of trade (Source: Data.worldbank.org. 2016) From the above figure it can be observed that Australias trade deficit has increased by 21% to 1.54 billion in 2016. Moreover, the above figure depicted that the market expectation was suffering from 0.80 billion gap with the rise of export from 1.0 percent to 27.63 billion. In addition, the import also went up at a faster rate from 2.0 percent to 29.17 AUD billion. Labour market analysis As per the statement of Mankiw (2014), it can be stated that in order to understand the Australian labour market analysis, it is necessary to first identify the rate of unemployment of the nation. Figure 4: Unemployment rate of Australia (Source: Data.worldbank.org. 2016) From the above figure it can be observed that the rate of unemployment has increased with the rise in time. In this connection, it can be mentioned that rise in the unemployment rate is adversely related with the GDP growth of the country. This relationship can be described with the help of Okuns Law. As per the Okuns Law, it can be stated that one percent rise in the unemployment rate is related with the two percent decrease in the real GDP. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that wage rate per employees has decreased. This also prevents the countrys progress. The overall national income of Australia has also declined. Moreover, the employment rate of Australia has decreased. As opined by Coeurdacier Rey (2013), it can be mentioned that Australias seasonal adjusted unemployment rate rise to the 5.7 percent in 2016 from 5.6 percent to the previous year. As per the Australian report regarding the unemployment rate, it can be inferred that the rate of unemployment was highest in 2 016. It can be mentioned that Australia has been suffering from several types of unemployment within the organisation: In the words of Gurkaynak Wright (2012), based on the economic structure of Australia, the country has been suffering from the unemployment rate. The reason can be described as due to the changing of the economic forces supply and the demand, Australia has been suffering from the structural employment. This distinction between the skills and the knowledge of the employees has reflected the structural unemployment. In Australia, Australias economic performance is based upon the external demand of growth. As a result, it can be concluded that the unemployment rate of Australia is cyclical in nature. In this point, it can be mentioned that with the decrease in the export, the aggregate demand of the country would be declined. Hence, the countrys outcome and the national income of Australia would be decreased. This scenario would be described in terms of the following figure: Figure 5: cyclical unemployment rate of Australia (Source: Hein, 2012) Cyclical unemployment: As per the opinion of Argy (2013), the cyclical unemployment of Australia is reflected due to the fluctuation of business. During the situation of economic boom, it can be mentioned that the unemployment rate of Australia has declined. Moreover, in the situation like countrys recession, the rate of unemployment of an economy would be increased. Wray (2015) added that in case of short term unemployment, the economic fluctuation of a country would be diminished . Figure 6: Cyclical unemployment (Source: Gandolfo, 2013) In the point of Burda Wyplosz (2012), the situation of the cyclical unemployment will differ due to the changing of the technology from the labour to the capital intensive country. Government estimation to maintain full employment: It can be stated that there are two approaches, these two methods can reduce the unemployment rate of a country and can also enhance the employment rate of Australia. The strategies can be described as the following manner: The Australian government requires to focus to the countrys demand side policies. This would be capable to decrease the Australias cyclical unemployment by considering the business cycle fluctuation. Next, the Australian government needs to focus to the supply side policies of the economy. This can decrease the countrys existing structural unemployment. Therefore, it can b inferred that with the rise in time, the structural unemployment of the country would be decreased and the rate of employment would be increased. Price level analysis In the point of Gandolfo (2013), it can be mentioned that with the rise in the price level of an economy, then it can be mentioned that the inflation rate of Australia will be improved. As a result, this will increase the supply of money of Australia. Inflation rate of Australia: Figure 7: Inflation rate of Australia (Source: Data.worldbank.org. 2016) The above figure depicted that the rate of inflation of Australia has been decreasing with the rise in time. As opined by Coeurdacier Rey (2013), it can be mentioned that consumer price index is an important tool, which can estimate the inflation rate of an economy. In addition, it can be inferred that with the decrease in the price level, the inflation rate will be decreased and the rate of unemployment will be increased. This inverse relationship between the unemployment rate and the inflation rate can be described with the help of the Phillips curve. On the contrary, Hein (2012) argued that if the price level and the supply of money of a country is increasing rapidly, then the economy will experience the situation like hyperinflation. On the other hand, when the unemployment rate of a country has increased massively, then there will arise the situation like stagflation. Conclusion This study is important to identify the overall economic performance of Australia. In this purpose, this study has highlighted the GDP growth rate and the GDP growth per capita of Australia. After the analysis, it can be observed that the GDP growth per capital has been increasing within the country. Therefore, it can be inferred that the standard of living of the country has also increased. On the other hand, in this study the unemployment rate and the rate of inflation of the country have discussed. In this purpose, this study has provided the impact of the higher inflation rate on the countrys economy. References Argy, V. (2013).International macroeconomics: theory and policy. Routledge. Brunnermeier, M. K., Eisenbach, T. M., Sannikov, Y. (2012).Macroeconomics with financial frictions: A survey(No. w18102). National Bureau of Economic Research. Burda, M., Wyplosz, C. (2012).Macroeconomics: a European text. Oxford university press. Coeurdacier, N., Rey, H. (2013). Home bias in open economy financial macroeconomics.Journal of Economic Literature,51(1), 63-115. Current account balance (BoP, current US$) | Data. (2016).Data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 17 December 2016, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BN.CAB.XOKA.CD Evans, G. W., Honkapohja, S. (2012).Learning and expectations in macroeconomics. Princeton University Press. Gandolfo, G. (2013).International Economics II: International Monetary Theory and Open-Economy Macroeconomics. Springer Science Business Media. GDP growth (annual %) | Data. (2016).Data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 17 December 2016, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG GDP per capita (current US$) | Data. (2016).Data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 17 December 2016, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD Goodwin, N., Nelson, J., Harris, J., Torras, M., Roach, B. (2013).Macroeconomics in context. ME Sharpe. Gurkaynak, R. S., Wright, J. H. (2012). Macroeconomics and the term structure.Journal of Economic Literature,50(2), 331-367. Hein, E. (2012).The macroeconomics of finance-dominated capitalism and its crisis. Edward Elgar Publishing. Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) | Data. (2016).Data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 17 December 2016, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG Mankiw, N. G. (2014).Principles of macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) | Data. (2016).Data.worldbank.org. RetrievedReferences17 December 2016, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS Wray, L. R. (2015).Modern money theory: A primer on macroeconomics for sovereign monetary systems. Springer.

Time And Guilt Essays - I Stand Here Ironing,

Time And Guilt Time and Guilt In Tillie Olsen's narrative I Stand Here Ironing, I interpreted that there was a reflection of the loss of time and the sense of guilt between a mother and daughter. This is displayed in the authors word choice, point of view, imagery and tone. Olsen begins her narrative while ironing and talking on the phone. Her daughter needs help, she is told. So she begins to ask herself a million questions. She wonders why her daughter needs help, how she can help her, and what she could have done to prevent her from straying so far in the first place. As these questions run through her mind the iron in her hand moves swiftly back and forth in rhythm, throughout the entire narrative. Ironing being an act of boredom. With each movement she has a new thought regarding her daughter; she questions how she could have raised her to be a better person. In this essay one senses Emily's resentment toward her mother. This is because of the way in which she had been treated, for it is clearly obvious that Emily was unknowingly denied the love and attention a normal child would receive. What is odd though is that throughout the narrative one can feel the love Olsen has for her daughter. Nevertheless, this love that Olsen claims to have for her daughter, is not expressed enough to Emily, which, therefore, leads Emily to acquire many feelings of resentment, neglect and perhaps even betrayal toward her mother. A good example occurs when Olsen is confronted about her love for her daughter, and she says, What was in my face when I looked at her? This clearly shows how unaware she is of her daughter's feelings. This is suggested continuously throughout the story when Olsen recounts how she had to send her daughter away while she worked. Although, the act was unintentional, too much time away from one's loved one, for too long can have a drastic effect on a person; most especially a child. That is why Emily seems so bitter; She was a child seldom smiled at, (6). Who could blame her for not smiling? She had been sent away from her family during so many key points in her life. First, she had been sent way when she was a baby in order for her mom to get back on her feet. Next, she was sent away to a convalescent hospital where she was again separated from her family. How was she supposed to live a normal life when all that she loved and depended on kept leaving her life? Emily was constantly denied stability, and that is a major factor in allowing her to lead a normal life. Olsen says her husband could no longer endure sharing want with them (2). When broken down, want suggests that he did not care to share a life of poverty with them. Could this be true also for Olsen toward Emily, but in a different text? To Olsen, what if it means that she can no longer continue to hold expectations for her daughter? Does that not constitute for want also? Maybe that is what the whole story is about. On the outside it looks like a story about a conflict between mother and daughter, but there are many interpretations to be pondered. What if the story is really about a mother that drops all expectations for her daughter in order for her to lead a normal life before it is too late? Or, better yet, maybe it is Emily that can no longer endure want? Whatever the case is, one thing is for sure and that is that Emily has been denied something that could have made her whole. Olsen uses such verbs as remember, sift, weigh, estimate, total, all of which mean that she must consider carefully. In the beginning these words are used to show how Olsen begins to examine her daughter's life. In the conclusion, she employs the words dredging; which means to dig up or search, compounds; which means to combine or add, and total again, which in this case means to sum up. This suggests that in the end she has concluded her observation of her daughter, and that is that she will never come to a conclusion of her daughter. She will never total it all. Tillie Olsen writes a great story about raising her daughter, Emily. She makes good use of word choice in describing their life story, informing us of how being a single parent was hard, and that the war did not contribute any good either to raising her daughter. Olsen excels at getting across her

Cause Of Child Beggars Children And Young People Essay Essays

Cause Of Child Beggars Children And Young People Essay Essays Cause Of Child Beggars Children And Young People Essay Essay Cause Of Child Beggars Children And Young People Essay Essay Child development is defined as taking a kid s advantages in an unfairly mode. It is a job all of us know much of or hold heard much about. Sexual maltreatment, erotica, nobbling kids and selling kids into harlotry, kid mendicants are illustrations of child development ( Judy H. Wright, 2006 ) . Child mendicant is a monolithic job in all states of the universe. They frequently come shoeless, dressed in dirty, scruffy, smelly apparels. It is heart-rending to see small kids imploring on busy roads. They frequently scrounge for alms all over the metropolis. They are everyplace, at traffic signals, streets, dark markets, peering into vehicle Windowss, bedraggled, Haggard and interrupting into a sudden smiling when a few coins are dropped into their thenars. Sometimes they would narrate and state a hapless narrative to roll up more money. Child mendicants are swarmed around us, and frequently they bearing the Markss of maltreatment, these kids work all twenty-four hours, merely to gain hardly plenty to populate on. The net incomes that they make, child mendicants frequently forced to give up their rewards to the foreman who will take their money and rob them of their self-respect, jostling them right back into ceaseless rhythm of imploring. How much they earn will be the effects of their Markss of maltreatment. The job of kid mendicants is longstanding. What causes this issue? Poverty is the primary cause of this issue. It is claimed that it is poverty that makes parents direct their kids to prostitute, it is the poorness that make parents sell their kids for kid trafficking, it is the poorness that makes parents deny their kids instruction and do them work twenty-four hours and dark. All signifiers of child development linked to poorness ( xxx ) . Children from hapless households are populating in delicate environm ents, with no clean H2O supplies and no nutrient. They are forced to work or implore for money to supplement household income. If they did nt take to implore for money, for misss, they might fall victim to sexual and physical maltreatment by household members. Poverty consequences in a big figure of kids non acquiring the chance to fall in school. They missed the opportunities to being educated because of poorness. Many hapless states have over the old ages developed advanced and originative programmes to control poorness but the programmes ever failed. Some NGOs have proposed that the authorities should repair a monthly grant for the deserving mendicants so that the job could be solved for good. However, it ever failed ( xxx ) . Apart from that, parents are the secondary cause of child mendicants. They play a critical function in Numberss of child mendicants increasing quickly. Children brought out to crowded topographic points, but parents did non pay attending on their kid give human trafficking organisation good chance to take away their kids and sent to nowhere, do them as kid mendicants. Many of these kids are victimized by human trafficking organisation. Children and yearlings are besides used as mendicants to pull out money from pity-filled passersby. In order to arouse understanding to roll up more money, kids normally have one or more of their limbs cruelly amputated. Parents are no concern on their kid s attitude and action make the state of affairs worse. Child is easy to pull by something for illustration nutrient or plaything. If a kid is targeted by a trafficking organisation, the individual will pull the kid with nutrient, Sweets, or playthings. If every parents pay attending and keep their ki ds s custodies tight when they are in crowded topographic points, it will hold no opportunity for others to take away their kid. Furthermore, in hapless states, kids are sold by parents to the trade to achieve basic life necessities. Parents shows irresponsibleness attitude because they did nt trouble oneself what will go on to their kid after selling off to these organisation. Besides, in rural country, where many parents are illiterate, some organisation set the rubric of conveying their kid out from the town to metropolis to hold instruction, better cognition in order to populate better. But after the organisation took away their kid, parents did nt trouble oneself or care much what will go on to their kid or where are they being send. These happens because deficiency of protection of parents on their kids. In add-on, uncontrolled birth is besides the cause of child mendicants. Children from hapless household, that their parents have no income, they normally send their kids to implore or even sell them off. Children become profitable tool for back uping household life. Unplanned and uncontrolled birth brings problem to hapless household which they feel that they have excessively many kids, and it is all right for them to sell some of their kid to roll up money and have better life for the aged kids. It is surely unjust for these kids as it is non their mistake to be the load of the household members. It is the uncontrolled birth that causes parents selling off their kid, hence increase Numberss of child mendicants. Besides that, increasing Numberss of trafficking organisation causes increase Numberss of child mendicants. These human trafficking organisations are cold hearted. They organized offense mark kids result in kids become victims of kid trafficking and forced beggary. Some of the organisation even established working forms, sales schemes to makes child mendicants collects more money. Harmonizing to The Week Where are our childs? July 19th, 2009 ) , one kid goes losing every hr in Delhi while the constabulary avoid answerability by registering merely 20 % of losing instances. Most of the missing kids are from households without fiscal resources to follow-up on the instances ( thirty ) . Last but non least, another cause of child mendicants is the deficiency of free, mandatory instruction. Harmonizing to Elena Arnal, parental instruction plays an of import function. Educated parents are less likely to direct their kids off or selling them off than non-educated parents ( thirty ) . In hapless states, peoples largely are illiterate. Parents did nt cognize they should direct their kids to schools. Despite the fact that The Child Rights Act ( 2003: Section 1 ) that stated a kid must fall in schools when they are at suited age, in hapless household that has no income, they do nt hold adequate money to purchase nutrient and back up the lifes ; hence, they will merely disregard the Torahs and direct them kids to implore for money. Forced imploring brings uninterrupted derivation on the kids who do non see their households, do non travel to school and neer has the opportunity to rest. Sooner or subsequently, the kids are likely to go a machines and this is decidedly a really bad thing for kids themselves. In a nutshell, plentifulness of kids become mendicants because they are hapless. No alms will alter that ; they will merely do it worse. What we peoples can make is seek to alter the fortunes that cause their poorness ( xxx ) . Effective operations from clip to clip are underway to extinguish child mendicants all around the universe. Children welfare organisation should make something to relieve their predicament alternatively of merely giving money to child mendicants. Besides that, it is a must to describe to the governments when you see child mendicants hanging at the streets. Missing kids exploited as child mendicants or drug runners, these instances have been go oning in all states. To avoid unfortunate instances from go oning, everyone have great duty.

Big Screens Big Failure-Stephen

Case Summary Big Screen Studios is one of the largest Hollywood movies studios. Buck Knox, the president of Big Screen has established Big Screen as a studio that produced cost-efficient and profitable films. The studio also had a good reputation for being supportive of the creative side of film making. However, in the last two years Big Screen had invested in several major productions that for various reasons had all performed well below expectation. Knox heard that some of the board members were prepared to force him out of the presidency if Big Screen did not come up with a hit soon. Knox contacted Mark Frazier, the director who had made several profitable movies and had a reputation as being a maverick with a â€Å"vision†. Frazier wants the script that he’s been writing to be filmed by Big Screen, the story about two strong male lead characters, a beautiful woman the men encountered in South America whose affection they fought over, battles, sea journeys, and challenging journeys over mountains and through jungles. Knox enchanted by the script; however Knox could also see that this movie might be extremely expensive to produce. Frazier convinces Knox that it will pay off. After a serious consideration, Knox decided to produce Frazier’s movie with $50 million budget agreement. John Connor, one of Knox’s trusted vice presidents, act as the studio’s liaison with Frazier and to be executive producer on the film. Connor was a veteran of many years experienced in working with directors and budgets. The first major problem the film encountered involved casting. Frazier’s first signing was Cole Rogan, a famous actions star, to be one of the male leads. Knox and Connor felt that Rogan was an asset because he had a reputation as a star who could â€Å"open† a film (audience would come to a movie just because he was in it). However, Frazier then decided to cast Frank Monaco as the other male lead. Monaco had made only a few films to date, and those were fluffy romantic comedies. Monaco had never proved himself in an epic adventure role, and he was an accomplished enough actor that he would make the rather wooden Rogan look bad. Knox suggests recasting Rogan’s role. Unfortunately, it turned out that Frazier had signed Rogan to a â€Å"pay or play† deal, meaning that if the studio released Rogan from the project, the studio would have to pay him a considerable sum of money. Rogan was replaced by Marty Jones, an actor who had had some success in films but mostly in supporting roles. A few weeks after casting was completed, Frazier insists the majority of the production be filmed in the jungles of South America, rather than in the studio. Frazier also insists that he needed to bring along most of the crew that had worked on his previous films. This also means that the budget will be increased. Knox agreed to raise the budget to $75 million as he was afraid of Frazier would go to another studio if he was not allowed to film on location in South America. Frazier, Connor, and the cast and crew headed off to the South American jungles for a scheduled two-month shoot. After two weeks had passed, Frazier was shooting scenes several times over- not because the actors or the crew were making mistakes, or because there was something wrong with the scene, but because the output just didn’t meet his artistic standards. Also, because the filming locations were so remote, the cast and crew were spending nearly four hours of a scheduled seven hour workday traveling to and from location. The production was incurring huge overtime costs. As if that wasn’t bad enough, the progress showed that Monaco and Jones didn’t have any chemistry as a pair, and Gia Norman, the female lead characters, had such a heavy accent that most of her lines couldn’t be understood. As the troubles that come up, Knox headed to the location to meet with Frazier. Knox will put $5 million more into the movie and tell Frazier that the movie must be done within the budget. Knox thought, Connor was doing a good job of reporting, but he didn’t seem to be doing much to correct the budget problems he was observing. After three and half month Frazier came back to California and started editing the film. He refused to allow anyone associated with the studio to be in the editing room. Three weeks into the editing Frazier ask that he want to hire a ship and bring the actors and crew back to perfecting the prologue which would cost the studio another additional cost. Knox agrees after he had a discussion with the board member.

Research Report Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Report - Research Paper Example Breeding of genetically modified animals is counted as a procedure too (Jha 1). The use of animals has increase by 1% in 2010. This includes the 1.6 million procedures done involving the genetically modified mice. According to Judy McArthur, a chief inspector at the animals’ scientific procedures inspectorate of the Home office, excluding the genetically modified animals, the increase is less than 1%. This is because of the increase of the number of fish up to 23%, which counts for about 93 000 of the total animals. Dogs, primates, cats and horses are protected by the law, therefore, the total number of the procedures done using the animals is 19, 773, which accounts for around 0.5% of the total. The number of the dogs used in the procedures dropped by 2%, and that of cats dropped by 32%. In toxicology tests, the number of animals used dropped by 11%. Barney Reed, a senior scientist at the RSPCA described the rise of these procedures as astonishing. He pointed out that the rate of carrying out the procedure had incerased by 37% for the past one decade. Martin Walsh, the head of the Home Office’s animals scientific procedure division, provided that efforts are being made to reduce the number of animals used for research, as well as ending the use of animals as household products. The main ethical question raised in the article is why scientists breed the genetically modified animals, yet they could be endangered by such procedures. Here, according to professor Dominic Wells from the royal veterinary college, one of the reasons why the scientists produce more of the genetically modified animals is because they have refined their procedures. The scientists, therefore, produce two lines of mice that do not show any adverse phenotype until they are crossed. This enables them to generate any number that they want before they conduct any procedure. Breeding of the mice help the scientists

International competition and risk management of Ultra Electronics Essay

International competition and risk management of Ultra Electronics Holdings - Essay Example To a large extent therefore, a company that wants to compete effectively must be in a position to identify what customer needs are, how other competitors are meeting up with these needs, and devising strategies to counteract the provisions being made by their competitors. This way, we say a competitive advantage has been created (David & Desheng, 2008). But what is more interesting is the fact that as companies try to create competitive urge over their competitors, a not too pleasant situation with risk sets in, creating the need to management the risks alongside the creation of competitive advantage. In this paper therefore, how Debenhams Plc undertakes international competition and manage risk are critically discussed. Company description Listed on the London Stock Exchange and a member of the FTSE 250 Index, the eighteenth century founded Debenhams plc now has over 172 locations across the UK, Denmark and Ireland (Fredriksson and Patrik, 2009). The company operates mainly as a ret ail chain with a departmental store outlook in the United Kingdom. There are also a number of area monopoly stores in other countries, making Debenhams a trading international company faced with the task and need to engage in international competition. Stores in UK, Ireland and Denmark serve as the major market segments for the company. Some of its international franchise however includes 68 stores that are operated under license in as any as 25 countries. This means that for each of the countries, the company establishes its market presence firmly there by having 2 to 3 operating stores (Biasi, 2011). in the next 5 years, the company has plans of increasing its international franchise stores to 150 so that it can be a more vibrant competitor and have an increased market share as it currently lags behind some key competitors whose major competitive advantage is in their market visibility (Chapman, 1996). Debenhams plc is mainly engaged in the departmental stores industry, trading in products such as shoes, accessories, fashion clothing, cosmetics, electrical, gifts, home furniture, electronics, and toys. With an employee strength of 29,000 as of the close of 2012, the managed to raise revenue of ?2,229.8 million in the same year period, out of which ?125.3 million was their net income with operating income of ?158.3 million (Biasi, 2011). Latest market reports indicated an average of 0.45% growth rate over the last 6 months, but not being strong enough to equal market share growth rate for the same period last year (Davis, Eppen and Mattsson, 2004). For example, as of November 2013, the company’s price in GBX was 93.40 with 1.72m shares traded representing a beta of 1.5. This value is however a declining growth for the company as the share traded in 1 year represents a change of as many as 20.10%. As a departmental store, the company is not directly involved in manufacturing but in retailing. To this end, it does not deal with suppliers who are directly into raw materials but engages in outsourcing of finished products in the areas of products that it trades in as has been stated above. Financial Performance Profitability Performance Financially, the performance of the company over the past five years can be said to have been a mixed one. This is because there has often been rises in revenue and growth at some point in time, and at other times, falls in revenue and g

Essay on Social Hierarchy in The Tempest -- Tempest essays

Social Hierarchy in The Tempest  Ã‚        Ã‚   During Shakespeare's time social classification was much more rigid than today and some members of society were considered superior to other members. Shakespeare provides an example of this rigid social structure through his play, The Tempest. Shakespeare illustrates how superior men differentiated themselves from lesser beings on the basis of race, financial status, and gender. Through the character of Prospero, Shakespeare provides and example of one, who had reason to feel superior, yet treated others equally and with the respect due to them.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Tempest reflects Shakespeare's society through the relationship between characters, especially between Prospero and Caliban. Caliban, who was the previous king of the island, is taught how to be "civilized" by Prospero and his daughter Miranda. Then he is forced to be their servant. Caliban explains "Thou strok'st me and make much of me; wo... ...lson. "Shakespearian Superman" The Tempest D.J. Palmer (ed.) Macmillan & Co. 1968 Murray, J. Middleton. "Shakespeare's Dream" The Tempest D.J. Palmer (ed.) Macmillan & Co. 1968 Palmer, D.J. Shakespeare's Later Comedies: An Anthology of Modern Criticism. Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1971. Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. 1611. Ed. Stephen Orgel. New York: Oxford UP, 1994. Tillyard, E.M. "The Tragic Pattern" The Tempest D.J. Palmer (ed.) Macmillan & Co. 1968   

Environmental Degradation In Rural Bangladesh Environmental Sciences Essay

IntroductionToday, as people in developed states by and large enjoy a high criterion of life, at the other terminal of the spectrum, the hapless in developing states are fighting to do ends meet. 22 % of the population in developing states live on less than $ 1.25 day-to-day and 75 % of these people live in rural countries ( The World Bank, 2012 ) . This group of rural hapless are the greatest victims of environment debasement. In this essay, by looking at the instance survey of Bangladesh, we will acquire a deeper penetration into why the hapless puts great force per unit area on the environment. In bend, we will bring out why environmental debasement affects the hapless most badly ensuing in the support of environmental debasement. Thereafter, we will research some possible steps to assist developing counties like Bangladesh to interrupt out from the barbarous rhythm of poorness and environmental debasement.Environmental effects of poornessAlthough bulk of research workers have att ributed poorness as a cardinal factor for doing environmental debasement, we have to observe that other factors such as net income motivations, and institutional failures are besides responsible for environmental debasement. Nevertheless unlike other factors, poorness and environmental debasement portions a alone relationship that causes them to reenforce each other in a barbarous rhythm. We would first look at how poverty causes environmental debasement. In Bangladesh more than 40 % of the population lives below the international poorness line and are vulnerable to nutrient insecurity and natural catastrophe ( Aid Effectiveness, 2009 ) . 85 % belong to the rural hapless ( Drakenberg, 2006 ) . Bangladesh faces a series of environmental jobs including deforestation, land debasement, air pollution, H2O deficit and taint, every bit good as loss of biodiversity. The hapless drama a critical function in act uponing these facets of environmental debasement. First, poorness leads to deforestation. The bing natural woods in Bangladesh are diminishing at a rate changing from 2.1 % /year to 3.3 % /year ( Rahman, 2012 ) . This is due to development of forest resources for commercial logging, fuel wood aggregation every bit good as agricultural land enlargement. Commercial logging provides a feasible income for the hapless as the timber logs could be sold for hard currency. This pecuniary benefit could promote more trees to be felled ensuing in unsustainable deforestation. Bangladesh has a high birthrate rate, due to want for more kids to assist in the Fieldss and for societal support in old age. The turning population requires more trees would hold to be felled to supply fuel for their cookery demands. There will besides be a demand to increase nutrient production for the larger population doing big piece of lands of forest to be cleared and converted into agricultural land for turning of harvests. Deforestation, with loss of forest screen i s responsible for dirt eroding and loss of fertile top dirt decreases agricultural productiveness. Second, poorness contributes to set down debasement. Land debasement arises due to dirty exhaustion, salinization and desertification. Similarly, due to population growing with poorness, multiple cropping with a shorter fallow period was done to increase nutrient supply. To increase land productiveness, husbandmans use fertilisers, pesticides and weedkillers to a great extent. These methods of intensive land usage may be effectual in increasing agricultural end product in the short term. However in the long tally the dirt would bit by bit lose its foods, land is degraded and desertification creeps in. Though irrigation is helpful in guaranting stable H2O supply for harvests all twelvemonth unit of ammunition, mismanaged irrigation due to miss of cognition of rural husbandmans could ensue in contrary osmosis and accretion of salt ( Duraiappah, 1996 ) . This causes a recoil and dirt productiveness beads. Third, poorness affects H2O resource. Irrigation reduces land H2O which may ensue in a H2O deficit if there is deficient H2O for the big rural population. In the north-western portion of Bangladesh, aquifer degree of land H2O was lowered when extraction of land H2O for irrigation is non adequately recharged and coupled with high rate of vaporization ( Mahbuba Nasreen, 2006 ) . Furthermore, Bangladesh faces job of H2O taint due to fertilisers and pesticide run-off from the farming areas. In 2002, more than the 65 % of the state ‘s population were at hazard of arsenic toxic condition. 61 of the 64 territories had arsenic degrees which were found to be above the national recognized criterion of 0.05 mg/litre ( Mahbuba Nasreen, 2006 ) . Last, poorness contributes to air pollution. The hapless depend on biomass and firewood for fuel. The combustion of these fuels degrades the air quality and can do respiratory jobs. Although there are utility fuels which are less harmful to the environment, the hapless have yet to derive entree to them and may non be able to afford. Furthermore, due to a deficiency of instruction, the rural hapless may non hold the cognition on how to protect their life environment. They extract more resources from the wood to run into the demands of the turning population, non taking into consideration the outwardness cost of resource loss since entree to the wood is free and unrestricted. To them, the immediate demands are of precedence and they do n't be given to be after far for the hereafter due to the uncertainnesss of life. As a consequence, the hapless have no scruples about the unsustainable land usage patterns and deficiency vision for long-run optimum resource direction. This mentality is damaging to the long term sustainability of environmental resources and unplanned usage of resources is likely to ensue in environment debasement. The mentality of the hapless has led to loss of biodiversity where vegetation and zoology every bit good as wetlands are overuse. In Bangladesh, inland and coastal gaining control piscarie s have declined and about 30 % of inland fish species have become endangered ( Drakenberg, 2006 ) .Environmental debasement reinforce poornessFirst, the rural hapless are most vulnerable to environmental debasement because they rely to a great extent on the delicate natural resources for their day-to-day life. 55 % of rural adult females work as husbandmans in the field, and they rely on the environment for fuel wood, nutrient and H2O. Desertification is damaging to the hapless as it affects their supply of basic demands from forest resources. Over extraction of H2O for irrigation leads to take downing of land H2O degree and H2O becomes salinized, doing a terrible deficit of imbibing water.In Bangladesh, rural adult females are responsible for roll uping fuel wood, H2O and nutrient for household ingestion from wood. Deforestation and H2O deficit causes shrink in nutrient and H2O handiness and adult females have to work harder and travel further to seek for resources. This digesting undertaking is demanding on their wellness and scarceness of nutrient could take to malnutrition ( Jahan, 2008 ) . The hapless being reliant on natural resources for basic demands and agricultural land for nutrient, is offered barely any nutrient security due to the delicate nature of the natural environment. When their agricultural land becomes less fertile due unachievable land usage patterns, the household ‘s income is drastically reduced ; the hapless remain in their barbarous rhythm of poorness and their basic demands and nutrition could be compromised. Similarly near the coastal countries, the hapless rely on wetlands for gaining control piscary as their chief beginning of nutrient and income. With the devastation of wetlands for transition to shrimp cultivation country, it drastically reduces the vulnerable nutrient supply of the hapless and increased salt over coastal land endangers their wellness. Second, environmental debasement affects the hapless most badly as they are the group that continues to populate in topographic points confronting land debasement as these polluted countries are cheaper to populate in. Bing unable to afford to travel to a better land, the hapless are exposed to Arsenic pollution from contaminated H2O beginnings ( Mahbuba Nasreen, 2006 ) . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) estimated that, 37 million people in developing states suffer chronic toxic condition due to exposure to toxic pesticides from working in Fieldss that use chemical fertilisers and pesticides extensively ( Jahan, 2008 ) . The hapless besides have to do make with cheaper beginning of fuel for cookery and warming. Burning fuel wood and droppings causes respiratory infections impacting adult females and kids, doing child mortality.Barbarous rhythm of poorness and environment debasementBeginning: Poverty and environment, 2000, Figure 9.2 Vicious Cycle of Poverty and Environment Degra dation in Developing States, pp. 201. As seen in the context of Bangladesh, husbandmans distressed by population growing and increasing poorness overexploit natural resources and widen cropping onto delicate fringy lands which consequences in a loss of sustainability and environmental debasement. Decline in agricultural productiveness on debauched lands so triggers poverty which in bend forced many husbandmans to go on degrading their land farther to pull out subsistence end product ( Duraiappah, 1996 ) . Overtime, this phenomenon creates the ‘vicious circle ‘ between poorness and environmental debasement as seen in the diagram above. Urbanization further aggregative environmental debasement and worsen life of the rural hapless. Government may apportion more financess to back up the turning industry of technology, electronics and information engineering which would bring forth more income for the economic system ( United Nations ESCAP, 2010 ) . Conversely, the agribusiness sector would have less financess and work force is reduced with immature work forces traveling to work in urban countries. This leaves behind the aged and adult females to pull off the fringy agricultural lands. Urbanization causes air pollution from vehicular and industrial emanations, loss of biodiversity from human intervention to natural home grounds and deforestation which contributes to planetary heating. The hapless at the having terminal become victims to these jobs. In many developing states, authoritiess by and large do non turn to the sustainability issues if there is small public force per unit area and they find no political wagess in heightening environmental quality. Nevertheless for developing states to accomplish environmental sustainability, support from the authorities is decidedly indispensable. As highlighted, the hapless are the biggest victims of environmental debasement ; conversely poorness can worsen ecological jobs. To guarantee long term environmental sustainability, possible steps needs to aim poverty relief and environmental direction.Possible steps to accomplish sustainable developmentBeginning: National sustainable development scheme, 2008, Figure 3.1 conventional representation of the vision, strategic precedence countries and cross-cutting countries, pp. 6. In 2008, Bangladesh ‘s authorities came out with a national sustainable development scheme ( NSDS ) to steer the state towards relieving poorness and environmental jobs. As shown in the tabular array above, the scheme aims to accomplish sustainable development by guaranting sustainable economic growing, agricultural and rural development, societal security and environment direction ( DOE, 2008 ) . Having sustainable economic growing means to speed up growing while guaranting environmental sustainability. Bangladesh strives to guarantee economic growing with higher private investing, increased influx of FDIs and effectual trade policies ( DOE, 2008 ) . It includes the agricultural sectors in the economic advancement by supplying them with electricity, roads, and telecommunications to better connectivity with urban countries. One possible way for sustainable economic growing is to advance investing in renewable energy beginnings such as solar energy, weave energy and hydroelectricity. Bangladesh has abundant sunlight twelvemonth unit of ammunition, air current and high energy moving ridges ; this can bring forth net incomes and cut down air pollution from fuel combustion ( M. S. Islam, 2011 ) . Agricultural and rural development steps guarantee nutrient security for the turning population without doing environment debasement. Crop productiveness can be increase with agriculture variegation and improved engineerings. To cut down trust on irrigation and lower hazard of salinization, storage of surface H2O is enhanced and rainwater harnessed. To forestall omission of marine piscaries resource, fishing is regulated avoid over development. To heighten forest biodiversity, forest protected country could be extended and rural folks could be educated with cognition on sustainable resource usage ( DOE, 2008 ) . Social security is achieved with sanitation, shelter and authorization through instruction. It involves proviso of lodging installations, clean imbibing H2O, electricity, medical services and guaranting nutrient security for all ( DOE, 2008 ) . Additionally, primary and secondary instruction is made available and compulsory for all, enabling authorization of the hapless. Environment direction protects the environment and its resources. To pull off H2O deficit and taint, H2O preservation is encouraged and pollution beginnings are identified and managed. Loss of biodiversity is addressed by supervising unsustainable ingestion of biological resources. Besides, scientific and traditional cognition are to be integrated to efficaciously conserve the ecosystem. Most significantly, environmental sustainability considerations need to be integrated in policies refering forest, H2O, land, agribusiness, industry and energy ( DOE, 2008 ) .DecisionAs discussed, poorness and environmental debasement has close interlinks and reenforce each other. Poverty is a cardinal lending factor to assorted environmental jobs of deforestation, land debasement, air and H2O pollution, and loss of biodiversity. Consequently, environmental debasement has the greatest impact on the hapless, doing them to be of all time more vulnerable and holding to further degrade the environment to run into their basic demands and guarantee endurance. To accomplish sustainable development in developing states like Bangladesh, possible steps would hold to aim both poverty relief and environmental sustainability. Likewise these steps would work best if backed by strong authorities support and decently planed and organized. Bangladesh ‘s detailed NSDS shows a strong committedness to work out environmental issues and guarantee a better criterion of life for current and future coevals. However, it is still excessively early to find the effectivity of the schemes ; clip will state if Bangladesh is able to interrupt free from the barbarous rhythm of poorness and environmental debasement.

India Law Environmental

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4728 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction The planet earth is presently being dominated by the human species. It is the wish and whim of the human beings that decides the fate of other life forms on the planet. The existence of life on earth, as we all know, presupposes balanced ecosystem and congenial environment. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "India Law Environmental | Law Dissertations" essay for you Create order Though the human beings have established their superiority over other living creature they themselves are biologically very sensitive to the environmental changes and any minor deviation in the ecosystem is bound to affect them adversely. Human beings, having the basic animal instinct to protect themselves from the potential threats, have realised that their life is full of difficulties and risks. The urge to deal with the life threatening risks that they face has formed the basic condition of their survival. Owing to this the human race is constantly making sincere endeavour to make life more comfortable by minimising all possible threats to life. The advances in the field of science and technology have blessed us with many gadgets and devices that not only ease some hardship of life but are capable of avoiding or diminishing some most threatening risks of nature. There cannot be two views regarding beneficial effects of technological and scientific developments the life expectancy has gone up significantly in recent years and the quality and comfort of life is scaling new height day-by-day, many deceases and hardships of human life now belong to history. Today the ability of human beings, to transform the natural characteristics of the earth, has reached a level that is not only alarming but dangerous too. We must consider the fact that man has acquired this enormous power to alter the ecological balance on this planet only within a century, thus giving rise to genuine doubt how long the nature will be able to tolerate the excessive interference resulting out of human activities? The population of human beings has increased at an unprecedented pace in recent past causing undue pressures on the limited natural resources. Some of these resources are depleting at an alarming rate and is reason for worry as they have been created by the natural process over millions of years. One example could be depletion of the natural non-renewable energy resources like coal, petroleum etc. One must bear in mind that mother earth treats all its children alike and therefore, it will not be justified to deprive the present and future generations of the natures bounties. 1 All living species have an inborn instinct to insure their progeny and to make provision for the welfare of their descendants. It is expected, therefore, that Homo sapiens will take the leading role in saving the earth for their future generations. Earlier, environmental policies at the national as well as international level were based on the concept that nature has capacity to absorb the ill effects of pollution and environmental degradation to a certain extent but, once the shock bearing threshold is breached, the pollution and environmental degradation may cause damage to the environment calling for remedial efforts. This is known as the concept of assimilative capacity of nature. This concept is based upon the notion that nature has self curative mechanism and needs no intervention unless the pollution and imbalance caused by human activities breaches the permissible level. If we adhere to this concept, the role of environmental protection agencies will begin only when this upper limit of damage bearing capacity of the environment is breached. In the quest for developing, faster then fastest, many nations have ignored this threshold limit of the environment while harnessing their natural resources, building industries, big dams and townships without making provisions for adequate compensation for the erosion and damage caused to the environment. In such a scenario, one cannot depend solely upon the earths self purifying and self curative capacities. Especially when, the earth is loaded with nuclear and toxic waste; forest cover is depleting faster than ever; global warming has started showing ill effects; the virgin peaks of Mount Everest and the uninhabited lands of North and South poles have become littered by man; water pollution in rivers and seas is destroying the life of aquatic creature; acid rain and smog has become more rampant, an effective proactive strategy coupled with effective measures to check further degradation of the environment is the cry of the day. Such strategy and measures assume greater importance in those cases where the adverse impact of any activity upon the environment cannot be ascertained and predicted with certainty. Should precaution be taken anticipating harmful impact on environment and thereby halt the developmental activities or leave it to the nature to repair the damage using its limited assimilative capacity is the question to be answered. The precautionary principle guides us in such tricky situations. Since 1970s, the precautionary principle has become the underlined rationale for a number of international environmental treaties and declarations. It is evident that international community has shifted from the principle of assimilative capacity to the precautionary principle ratifying the old saying that precaution is better than cure. Origin of the Principle It is difficult to identify with certainty the origin of the principle. The precautionary concept found its way into international law and policy as a result of German proposals made to the International North Sea Ministerial Conferences. In Germany the precautionary principle had its beginnings in the principle of Vorsorge, or foresight. At the centre of early notions of this principle was the understanding that society should endeavour to avoid environmental damage by careful planning in advance, blocking the harmful activities having the potential to adversely affect the environment. Eventually the Vorsorgeprinzip (precautionary principle) developed in the early 1970s into a fundamental principle of German environmental law and has been invoked to justify the implementation of vigorous policies to tackle acid rain, global warming, and North Sea pollution. It has also led to the development of a strong environmental industry in that country. The concept was first enunciated by the German Federal Government in 1976 using the following words:- Environmental policy is not fully accomplished by warding off imminent hazards and the elimination of damage, which has occurred. Precautionary environmental policy requires further more that natural resources are protected and demands on them made with care. Subsequently the precautionary principle was invoked in the year 1984 at the First International Conference on Protection of the North Sea. Following this conference, the principle has been integrated into numerous international conventions and agreements. The North Sea Treaties (Bremen, 1984; London, 1987; Hague 1990; Esbjerg, 1995) are some of the early examples of international treaties where the precautionary principle has had a very prominent position. III. Meaning and Nature The precautionary principle aims to provide guidance in the development and framing of policies where there is scientific uncertainty. It continues to generate disagreement as to its meaning, ambit and objectives, as reflected in the views of scholars and international judicial practice. On the one hand, some consider that it provides the basis for early international legal action to address highly threatening environmental issues. On the other hand, its opponents have decried the potential which the principle has for over regulation and limiting human activity. The core of the principle is still evolving. The scope of the precautionary principle goes beyond the problems associated with a short or medium term approach to environmental risks. It encompasses the concern of longer run as well and ensures well-being of future generations. A decision to take measures without waiting until all the necessary scientific knowledge is available is a precautionary approach. In its most elementary form, the precautionary principle is a strategy to cope with scientific uncertainties in the assessment and management of risks. It is about the wisdom of action under uncertainty. The precautionary principle is often seen as an integral principle of sustainable development that is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the abilities of future generations to meet their needs. By safeguarding against natural resource base that might jeopardize the capacity of future generations to provide for their own needs, it builds on ethical notions of intra-and inter-generational equity . The formulation of the precautionary principle in precisely and clearly expressed form, at the international level, can be found in the London Declaration of the Second International North Sea Conference. The Declaration states- .. In order to protect the North Sea from possibly damaging effects of the most dangerous substance, a precautionary approach is necessary which may require action to control inputs of such substances even before a casual link has been established by absolute clear scientific evidence. The Rio Declaration, 1992 ensured the global attention towards the precautionary principle by stating In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by states according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to protect environmental degradation. The convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 and the Convention on Climate Change, 1992 of the Rio-Conference echo the same spirit of precaution lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures. Hence, lack of scientific certainty is no reason to postpone action to avoid potentially serious or irreversible harm to the environment. At the basis of the precautionary principle is the element of anticipation, reflecting a requirement of effective environmental measures based upon actions which forms a long-term strategy. The wingspread statement on the precautionary principle has summarised four components of the principle that should guide its implementation Action to prevent harm despite uncertainty. Shifting the burden of proof of proponents of a potentially harmful activity. Examination of a full range of alternatives to potentially harmful activities, including no action. Democratic decision making to ensure, inclusion of those affected. The communication from the European Communities (EU) on the precautionary principle demands the applicability of the principle and explains its scope in the following words:- Although the precautionary principle is not explicitly mentioned in the Treaty except in the environmental field, its scope, is far wider and covers those specific circumstances where scientific evidence is insufficient, inconclusive, or uncertain and there are indications through preliminary objective scientific evaluation that there are reasonable grounds for concern that the potentially dangerous effects on the environment, human, animal or plant health may be inconsistent with the chosen level of protection. It is clear from the aforesaid formulations of the principle that there is no uniform acceptable principle of precaution. London Declaration, 1987 uses qualifying language such as may require action and before absolutely clear. Evidence. Rio Declaration, 1992 also includes qualifying language such as according to their capabilities and postponing cost-effective measures. EU communication 2000 requires intervention to maintain the high level of protection chosen by the EU. The triple negative notion is the definition in the Rio Declaration; the absence of rigorous proof of danger does not justify inaction is rather weak: it forces the consideration of precautionary intervention but does not require such intervention. The definition in the EU communication on the other hand does require intervention to maintain the high level of protection chosen by the EU. Despite of the fact that various formulations of the precautionary principle have used different words one can easily draw several common points as key elements of the principle. The common understanding of contents of the principle may be summarised as under:- Precautionary principle is applicable in cases where scientific uncertainties exist about the harm that is likely to be suffered in future. Some form of scientific analysis of the potential threat is mandatory as mere speculation is not enough to trigger the principle. Unqualified possibility is sufficient enough to consider the application of the principle. Application of the principle is limited to those hazards that are unacceptable. The principle requires interventions before possible harm occurs. Interventions should be proportional to the chosen level of protection and the magnitude of possible harm. V. Precautionary Principle and International Law There can not be slightest of doubts regarding recognition and existence of the precautionary principle in the fields of contemporary national and international laws. Its outlines, however, are far from clear from a legal point of view. Essentially, the precautionary principle is an appeal to prudence addressed to policy makers. The principle does not offer a predetermined solution to every new problem raised by scientific uncertainty. On the contrary, the precautionary principle is a guiding principle that provides helpful criteria for determining the most reasonable course of action in confronting situations of potential environmental risk. Whether precautionary principle is a legally binding principle in customary international law and national law rather than a guiding principle only is a difficult question to answer. It is generally understood that declarations of principles are not traditional sources of international law and therefore, not binding for the member states of the organisation that adopted them. Such international texts do not have the same legal force as international treaties and conventions. Strictly speaking, declarations of principles are nothing more than recommendations, without binding force. Despite of this fact one cannot undermine the legal relevance of such declarations. Even though they are not considered as sources of international law, they are legitimately capable of generating norms. Declaration of principles, though not binding, can influence the elaboration, interpretation and application of international laws of member states of the international organisations that conceived or endorsed the declarations. One cannot underestimate the influence that general principles exert on legal formulation, be it in the international context or in the internal legislation and jurisprudence of countries. In spite of not being obligatory and binding, principles of law constitute important tools for the crystallization of new concepts and values. Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice provides that the International Court of Justice, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply amongst other the general principles of law recognised by civilised nations. Thus, the general principles of law are also sources of international law. Therefore, it seems incontestable that among the principles emanating from international declarations, the Precautionary Principle is legally relevant and cannot be disregarded, either by the countries in the international order, or by legislators, policy makers and courts in the domestic sphere. From the moment when the Precautionary Principle is recognised as an element of international law, it also becomes part of the general principles of environmental law, with undisputed legitimacy in guiding the interpretation and application of all legal norms in force. The Precautionary Principle is frequently introduced in framework conventions. Although this strategy is widely used in international environmental law, it is merely a first step in elaborating more precise rules at the international level fleshing out that principle. Furthermore, in a number of international agreements, the Precautionary Principle worded in such a way that it is deprived of immediate and autonomous applicability. Use of terms such as form a basis for, in spite, endeavour, etc. imply that the principle is merely intended to prepare states to implement their international obligations. Only the repeated use of state practice and consistent opinio juris are likely to transform precaution into a customary norm. The Principle of precaution has found only limited judicial support so far in international law, this despite many commentators arguing that it has reached the status of a principles of customary international law. In the case of New Zealand v. France, the right of France to carryout nuclear tests in the South Pacific was challenged. The opinion of Weeramantry, J. in this case suggests that the Precautionary Principle is gaining increasing support as part of the international law of the environment. The principle should be used where there is insufficient material before the court to justify action, even if this means acting ahead of full scientific evidence. This opinion, however, was a dissent, and it is worth comparing a more, recent example where the Precautionary Principle has featured in international trade disputes. The US and Canada brought a dispute settlement case before the World Trade Organisation (WTO) against the EC, which in 1989 had banned the import of beef fed with growth hormones on the grounds that it was not safe for human health to eat such meat. The EC argued that its import ban was justified in the light of the Precautionary Principle, which is presented as a binding rule of international law. The USA and Canada denied that the principle already had such a status. The WTO found that the EC import ban violated WTO law, although the EC has continued to impose its ban and has been forced by the WTO to compensate Canada and the US for lost trade. VI. Status in India In India there are lots of environmental regulations, but most environmental regulations, like the Water (Protection and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 are aimed at cleaning up pollution and controlling the amounts of it release into the environment. They regulate the harmful substances as they are emitted rather than limiting their use or production in the first place. These laws are based on the assumption that humans and ecosystems can absorb a certain amount of contamination without being harmed. But the past experience shows that it is very difficult to know what levels of contamination, if any, are safe and therefore, it is better to err on the side of caution while dealing with the environment. The Indian Supreme Court has accepted in Vellore case that the Precautionary Principle is part of the environmental law of the country. The Court explained the Precautionary Principle in the context of the municipal law as under:- Environmental measures by the State Government and statutory authorities must anticipate, prevent and attach the causes of environmental degradation. Where there are threats of serious and irreversible damage, lack of scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environment degradation. The onus of proof is on the actor or the developer/industrialist to show that his action is environmentally benign. In Taj case the Supreme Court was dealing with the problem of protecting the Taj Mahal from the pollution of nearby industries. The Court applied the Precautionary Principle as explained by it in Vellore Case and observed- [T]he environmental measures must anticipate, prevent and attack the causes of environmental degradation. The onus of proof is on an industry to show that its operation with the aid of coke/coal is environmentally benign. It is rather, proved beyond doubt that the emissions generated by the use of coke/coal by the industries in TTZ are the main polluters of the ambient air. The Court ordered the industries to change-over to the natural gas as an industrial-fuel or stop functioning with the aid of coke/coal in the Taj trapezium and relocate themselves as per the direction of the Court. The Precautionary Principle has been invoked by the Supreme Court in various cases while deciding environmental issues. In Calcutta tanneries Case the Court ordered the polluting tanneries operating in the city of Calcutta (about 550 in number) to relocate themselves from their present location and shift to the new leather complex set up by the West Bengal Government. In Badkhal Surajkund Lakes Cases the Supreme Court held that the Precautionary Principle made it mandatory for the State Government to anticipate, prevent and attack the causes of environment degradation. The Court had no hesitation in holding that in order to protect the two lakes from environmental degradation it was necessary to limit the construction activity in the close vicinity of the lakes. Even though the Vellore judgment was followed in the subsequent decision of the Supreme Court, the Court felt the need to explain the meaning of the Precautionary Principle in more detail and lucid manner so that Courts and tribunals or environmental authorities can properly apply the said principle in the matters which might come before them. In A.P. Pollution Control Board v. Prof. M.V. Nayudu, tracing the evolution of precautionary principle the Court observed Earlier, the concept was based on the assimilative capacity rule as revealed from Principle 6 of the Stockholm Declaration of the U.N. Conference on Human Environment, 1972. The said principle assumed that science could provide policy-makers with the information and means necessary to avoid encroaching upon the capacity of the environmental harm was presumed that relevant technical expertise would be available when environmental harm was predicted and there would be sufficient time to act in order to avoid such harm. But in the 11th Principle of the U.N. General Assembly Resolution on World Charter for Nature, 1982, the emphasis shifted to the Precautionary Principle, and this was reiterated in the Rio Conference of 1992 in its Principle 15. Explaining the cause for the emergence of Precautionary Principle the Court referred Charmian Barton, who argued it makes sense to err on the side of caution and prevent activities that may cause serious or irreversible harm. The Court opined that the inadequacies of science was the real basis that had led to the Precautionary Principle. It was based on the theory that it is better to err on the side of caution and prevent environmental harm which may indeed become irreversible. The principle of precaution involved the anticipation of environmental harm and taking measures to avoid it or to choose the least environmentally harmful activity. The Court adopted the view that Environmental Protection should not only aim at protecting health, property and economic interest but also protect the environment for its own sake. Precautionary duties must not only be triggered by the suspicion of concrete danger but also by justified concern or risk potential. The concept of burden of proof in environmental cases recognised in Vellore Case that the onus of proof is on the actor or the developer/industrialist to show that his action is environmentally benign, was further elaborated by the Supreme Court in the Nayudu case, M. Jagannadha Rao, J. noticed, while the inadequacies of science had led to the Precautionary Principle, the said principle in its turn led to the special principle of burden of proof in environmental cases where burden as to the absence of injurious effect of the actions proposed, was placed on those who wanted to change the status quo. This is often termed as a reversal of burden of proof, because otherwise, those opposing the change would be compelled to shoulder the evidentiary burden, a procedure which is not fair. Therefore, the Court observed, it is necessary that the party who wants to alter it, must bear this burden. The Supreme Court favours the view that if the environmental risks being run by regulatory inaction are in some way uncertain but non-negligible, then regulatory action is justified. According to the Court- In such a situation, the burden of proof is to be placed on those attempting to alter the status quo. They are to discharge this burden by showing the absence of a reasonable ecological or medical concern. That is the required standard of proof. The result would be that if insufficient evidence is presented by them to alleviate concern about the level of uncertainty, then the presumption should operate in favour of environmental protection. In Narmadda Bachao Andolan v. Union of India, the Supreme Court decided the issues relating to construction of dam on Narmada river which was a part of the Sardar Sarovar Project. Explaining the new concept of burden of proof the Court held that the Precautionary Principle and the corresponding burden of proof on the person who wants to change the status quo will ordinarily apply in a case of polluting or other project or industry where the extent of damage likely to be inflicted is unknown. Where the effect on ecology of environment of setting up of an industry is known, the Court held- What has to be seen is that if the environment is likely to suffer, then what mitigative steps can be taken to off set the same. Merely because there will be a change is no reason to presume that there will be ecological disaster. It is when the effect of the project is known then the principle of sustainable development would come into play which will ensure that mitigative steps are and can be taken to preserve the ecological balance. The Court concluded, what was the impact on environment with the construction of a dam was well known in India, the dam was neither a nuclear establishment nor a polluting industry, therefore, the decision in A.P. Pollution Control Boards Case would have no application in this case. Despite of the fact that the Court refused to apply Precautionary Principle in this case as the impact on environment was known as could have been mitigated, in subsequent decisions of the Supreme Court one may find strict adherence to the Precautionary Principle and the new concept of onus of proof. To give effect to the Precautionary Principle, Government of India, published a Notification, which states that the expansion or modernization of any existing industry or new projects listed in schedule I or Schedule II shall not be undertaken in any part of India, unless it has been accorded environmental clearance by the Central Government, or as the case may be, the State Government concerned in accordance with the procedure hereinafter specified in this notification. The notification tries to achieve the objective that certain development projects should be carried on within the carrying capacity of the ecosystems, which will otherwise come under stress, so as to ensure that developmental activity takes place in harmony with the environment. This is possible only by careful assessment of a project proposed to be located in any area, on the basis of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of each project and the necessary Environment Management plan for the prevention, elimination or mitigation of the adverse impact on the environment, right from the very inception of the project. VII. Conclusion The Precautionary Principle, being a principle does not set forth absolute obligations. It simply establishes a policy for implementation by other regulatory means. Its relevance, however, would be in the development of a cluster of norms relating to procedural rules. These would include norms such as those requiring prior environmental impact assessment, the duty to warn or notify others, the duty to mitigate and assist in emergencies, as well as access to information. The emergence of the Precautionary Principle has permanently changed the face of international environmental law and policy. The challenge of implementing the Precautionary Principle while retaining the strength of its original vision is still posing difficult questions before the policy makers. Nevertheless it is well established that Precautionary Principle is an important principle of international environmental law and is gaining strength day by day. Besides being part of several international treaties and declarations the principle has been given place in the body of the national law of many countries. India has recognised and adopted the Precautionary Principle being party to many international declarations and conventions. The EIA notification of the Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests established the principle as part and parcel of the legal framework in India. Many pronouncements of the Supreme Court of India, to begin with the Vellore case, have strengthened and incorporated the international environmental law principle into the municipal law. The Apex Court in India has accepted the principle as part of the concept of sustainable development and has applied the principle several times in order to save environment and to give force to ratio of the judgment. We may therefore, draw inference that the Precautionary Principle has got a status of well recognised legal principle in India.